basic principles of buddhist political thought

It would be concerned with harmonizing political power with the ethical and moral principles of the dharma. For instance, the election of Donald Trump would be explained historically as an example of different causes and conditions working together: a particular political system (the two-party system, the American electoral college), a particular society (which has experienced economic recession and the decline of the middle class since 9/11) and a particular culture (which celebrates social media celebrities). Western scholars have long but mistakenly believed that Buddhism was antipolitical, but a careful examination of the primary texts reveals a rich and valuable political theory, based on three premises: that human beings are not selves, that politics is necessary but not very important, and that ethics is advice for living wisely but not a system of universal, obligatory rules. He died at the age of 80, around 487. As mentioned above in the parmitayana, the Buddha only allowed evil deeds or violent acts, but these were not enforced; in Vajrayana it becomes part of the duty of bodhisattvas to perform violent acts so as to eliminate anti-social elements, uncontrollable by non-violent means. The Buddha was aware of the demerits which would follow the establishment of Bhiksuni sangha (order of nuns), but he sacrificed these for the sake of bringing about equality of man and woman, even in the order. Taken as a whole, the importance of safeguarding the individual’s rights and the maintenance of social harmony in the Sarvastivada Vinaya conduct, from the layman’s ten to the monk’s 253 vinaya restrictions, is its focus on warding off violence. However, Theravada Buddhism is more firmly rooted in Buddha’s original teachings. Buddhism - Buddhism - Historical development: The Buddha was a charismatic leader who founded a distinctive religious community based on his unique teachings. Most of the sutras in different yanas are replete with discussions and debates of the disciplines. These developed not by force but voluntarily. Buddhism: An Introduction. Theravada Buddhist Political Thought in Comparative Perspective Dr Matthew J walton, aung San Suu Kyi Senior reSearch Fellow in MoDern BurMeSe StuDieS, St antony’S college, univerSity oF oxForD. Since all existence is conditioned by interdependent factors, a Buddhist political philosophy would look to the relationship between various causes and conditions in explaining the rise, expansion, contraction, and disintegration of social and political phenomena. Today, we need a new way of thinking about politics and the world. Under monarchical governments, too, the people enjoyed full democratic privileges. Pranja translates to wisdom. In case of any danger of outside infiltration or natural calamities the duty of the state becomes still more onerous. The record of the wheels is further elaborated in several other Mahayana texts. Regularly, whatever virtuous action one engages in one examines one’s motive, and sets it with the presence of enlightenment mind, thinking, “I’ll do for the welfare of all sentient beings”.-Prof. Samdhong Rinpoche ... See MoreSee Less, ༄༅།། ཇི་ལྟར་གསོལ་འདེབས་ཞུས་པ་བཞིན་སློབ་དཔོན་ཟམ་གདོང་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་མཆོག་གིས་ ༢༠༢༠ ཕྱི་ཟླ་ ༡༢ ཚེས་ ༡༠ དགའ་ལྡན་ལྔ་མཆོད་ཆེན་མོའི་ཉིན་རྗེ་ཙོང་ཁ་པ་བློ་བཟང་གྲགས་པའི་རྣམ་ཐར་མདོར་བསྡུས་ཤིག་གསུངས་པ།, A talk at the G. L. Agarwala memorial meet, Launch of the book The Great History of Utsang, The Three Principal Aspects of the Path—A guidance talk, The four placing of mindfulness—A guidance talk, Preface to Basic Education Policy for Tibetans in Exile, Foreword to a book by Mr Tenzin Phuntsok Atisha. I would like to put forth the idea of a “Buddhist political philosophy.” A Buddhist political philosophy would mean thinking about government, state, power, and values (such as equality, freedom, and justice) from the point of view of Buddhist philosophy. The Mahayana texts Dasa-Cakra-ksti-garbhanama-Mahayana sutra contains ten wheels or chakra relating to Buddha’s turning of the wheel of law during the five rough periods of the kali era. I’d read Locke, Rousseau, and Mill during my undergraduate degree in Political Science, but what really commanded my attention during those years was Buddhist Philosophy. A Supplication Prayer requesting His Eminence Prof. Samdhong Rinpoche to kindly live long. The individual’s efforts for social well being are strengthened by the common bonds of the state. 154), the Buddha says that the moral character of a ruler determines the moral character of society and a decline in a ruler’s moral character results in society’s moral decline. For employment, education qualifications and talents are stressed. Yet the result of that would be merely to attain liberation for oneself, and, it has become one that would have the danger of the merits becoming destroyed before attaining liberation. You say “Hi, my name is…..” Whatever comes after that phrase is your identity. The Buddha asked all his followers not to take his word as true, but rather to test the teachings for themselves. A close adherence to Buddhism placed the Tibetan social structure on a sound plinth. The ninth wheels relates to the Buddha’s dictum that the administration must watch all the people of the state and should have a personal knowledge of their positions, talents, castes, occupations social contacts, beliefs and customs and in addition to these , their psychic tendencies which reflect upon the state. These deeds in themselves are definitely violent to others, but under special circumstances Buddha permitted the bodhisattvas to do these acts for the well being of all social creatures. At the least, there should be the interest in the next life. It was 2005. But first: who are “we”? The “Virya paramita” means to work incessantly for social wellbeing. The problem with positivism is that it reduces politics to a mere function of power without considering any higher principles, such as morality. In the fifth and sixth wheels the Buddha mentions that the state should protect the cities, towns, and villages by strong palisades, watched by strong forces not excluding even the animal watchers who may be employed for the purpose. In the “Arya bodhisattvacarya-gocaropaya-visaya-vikurvana-nirdesanama-Mahayana-sutra” a full treatment of “praja” (subject), “prajapala” (protector) of the state and the circumstances in which laws of the state should operate has been furnished. He lives in Vancouver, Canada. His ideas, absolutely new in his time, are so viable today. Moreover as soon as any boy or girl of the family became a monk or nun, he or she had to renounce every right of property and wealth which the person had in the family. Equality of man, based on the principles of liquidating caste and colour prejudices and sexual discrimination, was preached by the Buddha and now form the objectives of present-day secular states on the globe. Also, there is no continuous multiplicity [of the merits with that].With the fourth person, if the person recites A Praise to Twenty-one Taras, thinking, “For the welfare of all sentient beings I must attain Buddhahood, and for attaining that I’ll recite A Praise to Twenty-one Taras”, thus with the presence at least of enlightenment mind (bodhicitta), the merits gained from reciting the Praise would be equal to the number of sentient beings. The Buddha, indeed, was the first man to have envisaged the basic concepts of social living and human relationships. From good deeds come good results. And it turns out that they are pretty similar to Buddhist beliefs. The idea of a world government, based on moral ethics as conceived by modern statesmen should find recompense in this ancient wisdom. Politics and Buddhism might seem antithetical, but in truth Buddhist practice is inherently political. When the Third Reich declared that it was legal to discriminate against German Jews, Germany disregarded whether the Jews were subject to any higher law such as the natural rights of a human being. This is a misconception of the greatest order. In the four cardinal truths preached by the Buddha which are commonly known to the Tibetans as “Denpa-shi” (bden pa bzhi), lies the surest way of doing away with misery. It can be described as a path of moderation, away from the limits of self-indulgence and can elucidate Nirvana, a state in which it becomes clear that all dualities in the world result to emptiness. Then again, you may not know us at all. A Buddhist theory of justice must also focus on the role of government and the basic civil and economic structure of society. Each chapter explicates one facet of Moore’s claim “that Buddhist political theory rests on three underlying ideas that simultaneously are familiar to Western thinkers and represent positions that almost no Western thinkers have been willing to embrace,” namely, the denial of an existence of the self, the emphasis on the relative lack of importance of politics in human life, and an ethics that is both … The sutra is remarkable for containing a safeguard measure against the livelihood of incapable people, so that their interest may not be indiscriminately crushed by employing only educated and able persons. The Buddhist path combines both philosophical reasoning and meditation. The separation between “self” and all that is not “self” creates resistances, conflict, tension, discord, and disharmony. The citizens had equal opportunities. Nazi Germany is an extreme example of the consequences of the positivist way of thinking. Recently, science has found some interesting principles of happiness. To sum up, the Buddha did not leave any corner untouched in the fields of social economy and political philosophy. Prajna is rega… of my birth, wealth, & sovereignty. There has to be a motive in the thought. They do kill, but not innocent men, women and children. This method is the only remedy to moderate social harmony and is practicable without hurting anyone. He must not fall into the snare of evil temptation or be blinded by power; on the other hand, he must fully realise that he owes everything largely to the state. The text sheds important light on how to act in the event of war. From this limitation arises the idea that these congresswomen (and anyone else affected by the remarks) are separate from Trump (and those like him). COVID-19 has brought tremendous suffering, uncertainty, fear, and strain to the world. From the July 2004 Lion’s Roar, Here are eight views on how to move society along the path to freedom from political suffering. In Buddhism, to flourish is to live in accordance with the universal moral law known as dharma. With this end in view, he laid down principles, which are well balanced and broad- based. If one were able to seal thus with the view of non-observability of inherent existence, that becomes a complete dedication.Generally, with any dedication, one has to indispensably dedicate the merits as the causes for attaining enlightenment, Buddhahood. It was due to Buddhist influence that no unbearable gap between rich and poor, high and low, existed in the history of Tibet. The few virtuous actions—prostrations and presenting of offerings, saying of prayers, and so forth—we do are incomplete with their motive, the actual action and the end dedication, that they are done in a not-powerful way, thereby their merits do not increase; thus the virtuous actions become weak, while the non-virtuous ones become powerful. As such, it is greatly important to set the motive. Compassion stands for all the people of the state, especially those who are hard hit by pestilence, famine or such other natural and unnatural calamities. The second wheel of the state turns to the duties of the leader. We’re the Shambhala Sun Foundation. We [...], © 2020 Lion's Roar | Email: [email protected] | Tel: 902.422.8404 | Published by Lion's Roar Foundation, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window). As regards dedication, there are various ways of doing dedication. Its jurisdiction would be enlarged worldwide without war or violence. Siddhartha Gautama was born a Hindu prince around 567 BCE, in the Nepalese foothills of the Himalayas. Thus all the members of the family benefited by that person’s share. In case there is a risk of losing all the wealth of an individual by misjudgement, the state is to take over an individual’s or family’s part of the wealth to use it with the state’s own wealth for profitable business, carried out under state supervision. Trump’s remark creates a limited “self” based on the idea of race, ethnicity, and place of origin. It would be concerned with harmonizing political power with the ethical and moral principles of the dharma. In law and politics, positivism says that the sovereign (i.e. Drunk with … The Buddha, indeed, was the first man to have envisaged the basic concepts of social living and human relationships. Buddhism is an ideology that analyses and provides practical solutions to basic problems of human existence: that every living being must undergo suffering, and every living being must raise himself or herself out of it. 2. In other words the Buddhists are afraid of adapting to a modern way of life. Be it talking, be it walking, there would be each a motive preceding, thinking, “I’ll do this”. This analysis and advice is grounded entirel… It has become a Dharma practice to be a cause for attaining liberation. Political candidates who reject racism and nationalism, who advocate for the noninjury of the Earth and all beings, who view our resources not as individual possessions but as goods to share, and who are in favor of the guarantee of basic resources to all—money, food, medicine, shelter, education—are surely advocating action in harmony with the traditional, nonsectarian essence of the … As regards individual rights, the prohibition of the ten evil deeds is mainly based upon the protection of everyone’s rights in society. The Buddha has in clear terms outlined the theory of state- its principle and organizations for the maintenance of social welfare, law and order. Violence is the root cause to social disturbance and misery, and the elimination of violence at the individual stage automatically builds up the growth of the social structure. By contrast, most modern Western political philosophies construe politics as “morally neutral” based purely on a leader’s utilitarian considerations of power and public good. Buddhism and military strength held fast in the time of Asoka in India. In a world where ethical concepts keep changing, I would like to rebut the misconceptions of some scholars who accuse the principle of non-violence as a cause of decline of the national military force, and consider the large Bhikshu and Bhikshuni sanghas as disadvantages to the national economy, and burdens on society. Buddhist Principle that Shows There Is No Fixed Self or “I” (And How That Can Make You The Happiest Person in the World) What’s the first thing you say when you meet someone new? However persons who are not industrious, shirk work, and unkind by nature, who do evil and are engaged in anti-social activities, should be punished according to their offence. If the motive is without the presence of enlightenment mind, and if the practice has become that of small and intermediate capable persons’—even though the teaching is of the great vehicle—then it would be a great loss.One needs to, thus, examine one’s motive prior to doing any virtuous action, and set the motive. There are instances like the one in which king Prasenajit of kosala was engaged in war for a long duration. on 19th August 2016, at Dharamsala. frustration, indignation). Since the number of sentient beings cannot be measured, so the merits from that cannot be measured, it becomes a merit of so great waves.As such, whatever major or minor virtuous action one does, the motivating thought for that is to be not to aim for self-interests, or the next life’s interests, or for mere state of liberation. In one sense all Buddhists are courageous warriors. At the first stage the first effort is aimed at bringing about a compromise between the contending or belligerent parties without bloodshed, even though both sides may have to give up some of their interests. The sutra has indications for punishment of defaulters by compassion and not by anger or with a spirit of retribution. If the war remains unsubsidised by friendly approaches, compensation by wealth or ultimatums, only then can the state begin hostilities. The War on Terror was in full fury. Further, not only in the Mahayana sutras but in the Sarvastivada sutras also, the Buddha did not oppose war based upon the interest of the state. Take, for instance, Donald Trump’s remark that certain U.S. congresswomen should “go back” to where they come from. Likewise the judiciary must try to keep the punishment at the minimum possible level. Hence, it believes more in … Based on my studies of Buddhism, law, and politics, I would propose the following four key components of a prospective Buddhist political philosophy. And then, really that we can do and that we should be doing are of the great vehicle [motive and practices], since we have met with the great vehicle teachings. Leading a disciplined life can ensure that suffering is kept to a minimum. The social perspectives can thus be summed up in six paramitas: 1. Furthermore, in vijrayana the sense of self-sacrifice was greatly adhered to and equality of beings especially equality of sex was very much emphasised. The sutra devises methods of precaution against natural calamities and foreign attacks by providing remedial measures and instituting intelligence services. To paraphrase Damien Keown, living in accordance with dharma and implementing its requirements (outlined in the Buddha’s Eightfold Path) leads to happiness and fulfillment among individuals and communities; neglecting or violating dharma leads to suffering. Since it was done for next life it has become Dharma (spiritual practice) in nature but of the lowest level of Dharma, the smallest of meanings. The last wheel states that a state conforming to the dictates of the above wheels is respected by all mankind. Sign up for Lion’s Roar free email newsletters. The sutra says the head of a state or government should always have eight considerations in mind. This is the wonderful aspect of Buddhism-a respect for religion freedom of the individual. Buddha was not strictly a vegetarian, and was, overall, a pragmatic man. Wisdom is somewhat intrinsic which is mainly obtained through cultivation and mental development/meditation. THE THEORY OF STATE According to the Sravakayana School, social practices may be grouped into two: one group of practices common to the laity, and another group for monks who have renounced worldly pleasures. All societies and communities are subject to change, conditioned by many interdependent, interrelated factors. There are two main types, Theravada, which spread to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Laos, and Mahayana which spread to Nepal, Vietnam, China, Korea and Japan. Purposeful signifies a marked improvement in the actions of the criminal by the inflicted punishment. To illustrate this further, consider these principles in light of the Buddhist idea of non-self. If the criminal improves by a warning, that is best. Since it was aimed for this life’s interests, it would be uncertain whether it becomes a virtuous or a non-virtuous action. death) of the Buddha and later spread throughout Asia. From this separation arises opposition between Trump (and those like him) and the congresswomen (and others) based on the idea of race, ethnicity, and place of origin. Vegetarianism: • The Buddhist philosophy is a teaching where minimal harm is made on the environment and compassion for all life is significant. That is the reason it is said the merits (‘roots of virtues’) of bodhicitta cannot be measured. When reciting such a text, it should be done so with a motive of enlightenment mind, as Kadampa teachers have said, “It is not enough for the teaching to be of the great vehicle, the person must have become inclusive to the great vehicle”. Since the establishment of Buddhism no social disharmony or common suffering was found till the country was swallowed up by the Red Chinese in recent decades. For example, in The Seven-point Thought Training there is the advice, “Two actions at the beginning and at the end”; accordingly, the means by which a virtuous action can be made powerful and of continuously increasing [in its merits] without decline are, first, the motive needs to be set well.Motive is the thought which compels one to engage in a virtuous action, it is like the persuader or the initiator. Shivasūtras: The Yoga of Supreme Identity; Text of the Sūtras and the Commentary Vimarshinī of Kshemarāja. Buddhism offers one way of life to Bhikkhus and another to lay followers. The core of Buddha’s philosophy, as presented in the earliest extant texts, is an examination of the human condition through a carefully developed analysis of the causes of our suffering, and a path for alleviating it in the form of practical advice that draws only on our own resources and abilities. The Middle Way, which is discovered by the Buddha before his enlightenment, is one of the most important supervisory principles of Buddhist practice. Similarly, political thinkers could only conceive of a temporary well being or happiness, while the Buddha showed the means to achieve permanent success. Also, there is no increasing of that merit, for the motive was for merely the next life’s interests.Now, with the third person, if the person has recited the Praise by having seen all samsara as in the nature of suffering, and aiming for attaining merely liberation [from samsara], sorrow transcendence nirvana, then it has become a spiritual practice of the intermediate capable person. Our sincere wish is that these Buddhist teachings, guided practices, and stories can be a balm in these difficult times. In practical terms, wisdom comes at the end of one's practice of the path. In the Buddhist sense the Buddha included the six worlds and the four kinds of birth, thus extending the social sphere to the aggregate of all sentient beings. Buddha’s Dharma-pravartana has been compared to administrations of the state. This embodies self-sacrifice to face the consequence of evil acts in order to save a larger segment of humanity from falling into misery. The wheel examples provide great motivation for good administration of the state. Timely means the time or situation in which the judiciary is capable of awarding punishment, and that the person is capable of bearing it. In the eight wheels the Buddha warns the head of the state to always recollect his position, his early life, and the conditions of his birth, childhood and education in consonance with his experience about men and matters in the state. Either way, please allow us to re-introduce ourselves: The head of the state must always consults the elders or advisers and decide each matter with the fullest consultation; this is in essence the parliamentary practice followed in modern political life. Such must be the means of punishment to which parents take recourse to punish their children. The positivist view is a secular and rational view of the world that says that all things in the world can be observed factually without resorting to explanations of first or “ultimate” causes like God or nature. The black man of the cargo, with lance in his hands and desirous of killing the passengers of the ship and plundering their wealth was slain by Sarthavaha Sattvavana with great compassion for both the black man and the ship’s passengers. Iraq was burning. His ideas were as dynamic and revolutionary as original. It was around this time that I began thinking of politics and international affairs from a Buddhist perspective. Second, in Buddhist political philosophy, politics would be a moral undertaking for any leader. The main thing about dedication is to dedicate towards attaining Buddhahood, and to seal by ‘the three cycles non-observable’, to seal by the view of emptiness, that all three cycles, referents—the virtuous action, the doer of the virtuous action, and the object of the virtuous action—do not inherently exist. The Buddha sent some Bhikhus to the king’s camp to preach to the king and the soldiers at the request of the king. In the fourth wheel of the state the Buddha states that if the people of the state are divided by beliefs of different gods and goddesses or religions and philosophies of life, the state must attempt to bring all of them together and put them in true cooperation in order to avoid strife and dissension. The Principles of Buddhism. In this way, the theory of karma would explain history based on the Buddhist view of existence. Buddhism is a major global religion with a complex history and system of beliefs. The “Prajna Paramita” means attainment of wisdom to enable a person to become capable of understanding the rights and wrongs and to practice well for society. You may very well know us as the publishers of two Buddhist magazines, the Shambhala Sun and Buddhadharma. But this should not be misunderstood as encouraging violence for self-centred ends. The teachings of the Buddha are vast, but there are a few basic Buddhist teachings and practices that are fundamental to the path laid out. Refers to the lay society especially equality of beings especially equality of beings especially equality of beings especially equality beings! This principle was later advocated by several statesmen and social reformers, including Lion’s Roar affairs. The Text sheds important light on how to act in the fields of social harmony is practised Buddhism! 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