capua second punic war

Mago marched his reinforced army towards the lands of Carthage's main Gallic allies in the Po Valley, but was checked by a large Roman army and defeated at the Battle of Insubria in 203 BC. The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC), also referred to as The Hannibalic War and by the Romans the War Against Hannibal, was the second major war between Carthage and the Roman Republic and its allied Italic socii, with the participation of Greek polities and Numidian and Iberian forces on both sides. The peace treaty imposed on the Carthaginians stripped them of all of their overseas territories, and some of their African ones. Hannibal (or Hannibal Barca) was the leader of the military forces of Carthage that fought against Rome in the Second Punic War. [99], The Roman populace derided Fabius as the Cunctator ("the Delayer"), and at the elections of 216 BC elected as consuls Gaius Terentius Varro who advocated pursuing a more aggressive war strategy and Lucius Aemilius Paullus, who advocated a strategy somewhere between Fabius's and that suggested by Varro. Hiero II, the old tyrant of Syracuse of forty-five-years standing and a staunch Roman ally, died in 215 BC and his successor Hieronymus was discontented with his situation. [note 2][9][19] Other sources include coins, inscriptions, archaeological evidence and empirical evidence from reconstructions. Second Punic War - Capua falls - 48 Historyden loop video or see full youtube channel statistics, revenue calculation or use sub count online to uncover growth on diagrams. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. The foundations of this dominion were laid by Hamilcar Barca,…. After immense material and human losses on both sides the Carthaginians were defeated. A fresh Roman army attacked the main Carthaginian stronghold on the island, Agrigentum, in 210 BC and the city was betrayed to the Romans by a discontented Carthaginian officer. The Second Punic War, also referred to as The Hannibalic War and (by the Romans) the War Against HannibalSecond Punic War, also referred to as The Hannibalic War and (by the Romans) the War … Hannibal was left largely free to ravage Apulia for the next year. In 211 BC the Romans took the offensive in Iberia and were decisively defeated, while maintaining their hold on the north east. The Romans retreated to their coastal stronghold north of the Ebro, from which the Carthaginians again failed to expel them. Italy was free of enemy troops for the first time in 15 years. Alarmed by this, the armies surrounding Capua go to Rome, where they are slaughtered by Hannibal. In the years after the First… [87], In early spring 217 BC, the Carthaginians crossed the Apennines unopposed, taking a difficult but unguarded route. [83] The Senate had ordered the consul Sempronius Longus to bring his army back from Sicily, where it had been preparing for the invasion of Africa, to join the Roman army already facing Hannibal. The Second Punic War brought about the downfall of the established balance of power of the ancient world and Rome rose to become the supreme power in the Mediterranean region for the coming 600 years. At the Battle of Ilipa in 206 Scipio permanently ended the Carthaginian presence in Iberia. 17 years of warfare between the two nations and their allies left a total of 770,000 people dead (500,000 Romans and 270,000 Carthaginians) and 400 Roman towns destroyed, and it resulted … Rome thought it would be easy to defeat Hannibal, but Hannibal was full of surprises, including his manner of entering the Italic peninsula from Spain. G. A. Henty's 1887 historical novel "The Young Carthaginian" tells the story of Hannibaland the Second Punic War from the perspective of the fictional character Malchus, a cousin of Hannibal. The Second Punic War (218–201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. It is described by Polybius at 9.4-7, and by Livy at 26.4-6.Capua had defected to Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. After immense material and human losses on both sides … [76] A Roman fleet carrying the Iberian-bound army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhone,[77] but Hannibal evaded the Romans and they continued to Iberia. By 214 BC the bulk of southern Italy had turned against Rome. In 207 Hasdrubal, following Hannibal’s route across the Alps, reached northern Italy with another large army supported by legions of Ligurians and Gauls. Second Punic War on Wikipedia |}} Second Punic War; Part of the Punic Wars: The Mediterranean in 9783: Date: Spring 9783 – 9800 (17 years) Location: Italia, Hispania, North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia, Antic Liguria, Macedonia. After the death or capture of more than 120,000 Roman troops in less than three years, many of Rome's Italian allies, notably Capua, defected to Carthage, giving Hannibal control over much of southern Italy. [156], Rome and Carthage entered into peace negotiations, and Carthage recalled Hannibal from Italy. They carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword, and a 90-centimetre (3 ft) shield. [112][114], Meanwhile the Romans took drastic steps to raise new legions: enrolling slaves, criminals and those who did not meet the usual property qualification. [142], Hasdrubal received orders from Carthage to move into Italy and join up with Hannibal in order to put pressure on the Romans in their homeland. Overview of the Second Punic War. [87] Hannibal marched through the richest and most fertile provinces of Italy, hoping the devastation would draw Fabius into battle, but Fabius refused. Hannibal, who almost overpowered Rome, was considered Rome’s greatest enemy. [53] In 264 BC Carthage and Rome went to war, starting the First Punic War. [59] Hamilcar took the army which he had led to victory in the Mercenary War to Iberia in 237 BC and carved out a quasi-monarchial, autonomous state in southern and eastern Iberia. Planning guide. Both Carthage and Rome were worn out with the fighting, and both longed for peace. [106] All except the smallest towns were too well fortified for Hannibal to take by assault, and blockade could be a long-drawn-out affair, or if the target was a port, impossible. [122][123] Both Polybius' and Livy's accounts of the siege focus on Archimedes' invention of war machines to counteract Roman siege warfare, made more difficult by the strong defenses of the city. Hannibal and Second Punic War General . The campaign ended in disaster at the Battle of Oroscopa[167] and anti-Carthaginian factions in Rome used the illicit military action as a pretext to prepare a punitive expedition. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). By 212 BC the full complement of the legions deployed would have been in excess of 100,000 men, plus, as always, a similar number of allied troops. Menu. Moving to southern Italy in 216, Hannibal defeated the Romans again at the Battle of Cannae, where he annihilated the largest army the Romans had ever assembled. Scipio was not able to prevent Hasdrubal from leading his depleted army over the western passes of the Pyrenees into Gaul. The Roman force was led by two consuls, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus and Appius Claudius Pulcher. The Romans took drastic steps to raise new legions: enrolling slaves, criminals and those who did not meet the usual property qualification and so vastly increasing the number of men they had under arms. A tactical Carthaginian victory, it ultimately did not help the Capuans. The Romans beat off a Carthaginian attack[70][71] and captured the island of Malta. [152] Later the same year a mutiny broke out among Roman troops, which initially attracted support from Iberian leaders, disappointed that Roman forces had remained in the peninsula after the expulsion of the Carthaginians, but it was effectively put down by Scipio. [91], The prisoners were badly treated if they were Romans; the Latin allies who were captured were well treated by the Carthaginians and many were freed and sent back to their cities, in the hope that they would speak well of Carthaginian martial prowess and of their treatment. [155] Scipio gave battle to and destroyed two large Carthaginian armies. The Second Punic War broke out in B.C. The Roman Senate authorized the raising of double-sized armies by Varro and Paullus, a force of 86,000 men, the largest in Roman history up to that point. The Second Battle of Capua was fought in 211 BC, when the Romans besieged Capua. When the Romans recaptured the city in 211 bc, they deprived its citizens of political rights and replaced their magistrates with Roman prefects. See Battle of Carmona. [147], In the spring of 208 BC, Hasdrubal moved to engage Scipio at the Battle of Baecula. One of those disinherited was the Numidian prince Masinissa, who was thus driven into the arms of Rome. Second Punic War. 218 when Hannibal took control of the Greek city and Roman ally Saguntum (in Spain). [18] Modern historians usually take into account the writings of various Roman annalists, some contemporary; the Greek Diodorus Siculus; and the later Roman historians, Plutarch, Appian and Dio Cassius. The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC), also referred to as The Hannibalic War and by the Romans the War Against Hannibal, was the second major war between Carthage and the Roman Republic and its allied Italic socii, with the participation of Greek polities and Numidian and Iberian forces on both sides.. Campania, Capua. declared war against Carthage. [78] The Roman commanders captured Saguntum in 212 BC and in 211 BC hired 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries to reinforce their army. Second Punic War - Target: Capua by Ernie Jones ← Video Lecture 46 of 50 → Video Lecture 46 of 50 → [26][27] When they did they fought as well-armoured heavy infantry armed with long thrusting spears, although they were notoriously ill-trained and ill-disciplined. The Second Punic War changed the world. Carthage was prohibited from waging war outside Africa, and in Africa only with Rome's express permission. [166] In 149 BC, fifty years after the end of the Second Punic War, Carthage sent an army, under Hasdrubal, against Masinissa, the treaty notwithstanding. After a long siege, it was taken by the Romans in 211 BC and severely punished ( Second Battle of Capua ); its magistrates and communal organization were abolished, the inhabitants who weren't killed lost their civic rights, and its territory was declared ager publicus (Roman state domain). Hostages were taken. These included the large city of Capua and the major port city of Tarentum (modern Taranto). ; August – Hannibal conquered Catalonia. [102], Within a few weeks of Cannae a Roman army of 25,000 was ambushed by Boii Gauls at the Battle of Silva Litana and annihilated. He released the captured population and liberated the Iberian hostages held there by the Carthaginians, in an attempt to ensure the loyalty of their tribes;[147][149] although many of them were subsequently to fight against the Romans. [89] Hannibal then cut off the Roman army from Rome, which provoked Flaminius into a hasty pursuit without proper reconnaissance. The Second Punic War was fought between Carthage and Rome. 0 % “A Desperate Struggle”: The Second Battle of Capua 211 BC Carthaginians vs Romans . Home; Second Punic War > Second Punic War Battles. Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in spring 201 BC. Hannibal temporarily managed to raise the siege of Capua. It is described by Polybius at 9.4-7, and by Livy at 26.4-6. After great tension within the city government, culminating in the assassination of the supporters of Carthage, Hannibal laid siege to the city of Saguntum in 219 BC. Polybius rightly regarded the latter action as unjustified and the subsequent Carthaginian resentment as a major cause of the Second Punic War. In 211 BC, Hannibal sent a force of Numidian cavalry to Sicily, which was led by the skilled Liby-Phoenician officer Mottones, who inflicted heavy losses on the Roman army through hit-and-run attacks. For the next decade the war in southern Italy continued, with Roman armies slowly recapturing most of the Italian cities that had joined Carthage. Having secured his position in northern Italy by this victory, Hannibal quartered his troops for the winter among the Gauls. [24][25], Carthaginian citizens only served in their army if there was a direct threat to the city. Hasdrubal marched down the peninsula to join Hannibal for an assault on Rome. The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the First Punic War. Publius Scipio was the bereaved son of the previous Roman co-commander in Iberia, also named Publius Scipio, and the nephew of the other co-commander, Gnaeus Scipio. How-To Tutorials; Suggestions; Machine Translation Editions; Noahs Archive Project; About Us. [78] A rushed Carthaginian attack in late 218 BC was beaten off at the Battle of Cissa. (218–201 ),also called Second Carthaginian War, second in a series of wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) Empire that resulted in Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. [106] The new allies increased the number of fixed points which Hannibal's army was expected to defend from Roman retribution, but provided relatively few fresh troops to assist him in doing so. A chance to pull together the key themes of the depth study, to allow students to engage with overarching general questions about the Second Punic War, similar to the style of essay questions that they will find in the examination. The Carthaginians encircled the Romans[84] and only 10,000 out of 42,000 were able to fight their way to safety. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry[note 3] and 300 cavalry. [103], Little has survived of Polybius's account of Hannibal's army in Italy after Cannae. Aided by internal upheaval in Syracuse, Carthage reestablished its presence on the island in 215 and maintained it until 210. [30] On occasion some of the infantry would wear captured Roman armour, especially among Hannibal's troops. Alternative Title: Second Carthaginian War Second Punic War, also called Second Carthaginian War, second (218–201 bce) in a series of wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. Observing that the three Carthaginian armies were deployed apart from each other, the Romans split their forces. [note 5][32][37], Garrison duty and land blockades were the most common operations. RANKOV, BORIS 1996. [64] At some time during the next six years Rome made a separate agreement with the city of Saguntum, which was situated well south of the Ebro. [23] The balance were equipped as heavy infantry, with body armour, a large shield and short thrusting swords. The Second Battle of Capua was fought in 211 BC, when the Romans besieged Capua. Hannibal had made Capua his winter quarter in 215 BC and had conducted his campaigns against Nola and Casilinum from there. [97][98] Fabius was not popular among the soldiers, the Roman public or the Roman elite, since he avoided battle while Italy was being devastated by the enemy and his tactics would not lead to a quick end to the war. The ensuing war, the Second Punic War, lasted from 218 to 201 BCE. Capua had defected to Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. The Second Punic War was fought from 218 to 201 BC when the great Southern European powers of Rome and Carthage fought for control of the western Mediterranean; it was the second of the famed "Punic Wars". During the long mainland campaign, fighting had continued as well on Sardinia and Sicily, which had become Rome’s chief sources of food. The latter joined his army in large numbers, bringing it up to 60,000 men. [94] The Carthaginians continued their march through Etruria, then Umbria, to the Adriatic coast, then marched south into Apulia,[95] in the hope of winning over some of the ethnic Greek and Italic city states of southern Italy. While the First Punic War had been fought largely over control of Sicily, the Second Punic War involved confrontations in Spain, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and North Africa. This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances. [109] By early 215 BC they were fielding at least 12 legions; by 214 BC, 18; and by 213 BC, 22. In 207 BC, after recruiting heavily in Gaul, Hasdrubal crossed the Alps into Italy in an attempt to join his brother, Hannibal. His aim was to join his forces with those of Hannibal, but Hannibal was unaware of his presence. When the Romans recaptured the city in 211 bc, they deprived its citizens of political rights and replaced their magistrates with Roman prefects. Home; Books; Search; Support. However, only part of the besieging force left for Rome and Capua fell soon afterwards. Archimedes before being killed by the Roman soldier – copy of a Roman mosaic from the 2nd century, An Iberian warrior from bas-relief c. 200 BC. [33][35] The Carthaginians also employed war elephants; North Africa had indigenous African forest elephants at the time. The Second Punic War (218–201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. An indemnity of 10,000 silver talents[note 7] was to be paid over 50 years. It soon received Gallic and Ligurian reinforcements. In most circumstances Carthage recruited foreigners to make up its army. Battle of Cartagena (209 BC) See Battle of Cartagena (209 BC) Battle of Cirta. [159] The decisive Battle of Zama followed in October 202 BC. The Second Punic War (Spring 218 to 201 BC), also referred to as The Hannibalic War and by the Romans the War Against Hannibal, was the second of three wars between Carthage and the Roman Republic, with the participation of Greek polities and Numidian and Iberian forces on both sides. Macedonia, Syracuse and several Numidiankingdoms were drawn into the f… [78][142] In 217 BC 40 Carthaginian and Iberian warships were beaten by 55 Roman and Massalian vessels at the Battle of Ebro River, with 29 Carthaginian ships lost. [172] The formerly Carthaginian territories became the Roman province of Africa. Capua had defected to Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. While he did not assault the city of Rome, his attack against Italy’s second largest city, Capua, was a … In 219 Hannibal captured Saguntum (Sagunto) on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Because Rome controlled the sea, Hannibal led his army overland through Spain and Gaul and across the Alps, arriving in the plain of the Po River valley in 218 bce with 20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry. That year, Hannibal surprised the Romans by marching his army overland from Iberia, through Gaul and over the Alps to Cisalpine Gaul (modern northern Italy). Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". The Second Punic War, also referred to as The Hannibalic War and (by the Romans) the War Against HannibalSecond Punic War, also referred to as The Hannibalic War and (by the Romans) the War … These elephants were typically about 2.5-metre-high (8 ft) at the shoulder, and should not be confused with the larger. [50][51] According to the classicist Richard Miles, Rome's expansionary attitude after southern Italy came under its control combined with Carthage's proprietary approach to Sicily caused the two powers to stumble into war more by accident than design. [125], Carthage sent more reinforcements to Sicily in 211 BC and went on the offensive. [160] Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War, the Romans had superiority in cavalry and the Carthaginians in infantry. The Second Punic War was fought between Carthage and Rome from 218 to 202 BC.It was the second of three major wars fought between the Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Roman Republic, then still confined to the Italian Peninsula.They were called "Punic" Wars because Rome's name for Carthaginians was Punici (older Poenici, due to their Phoenician ancestry). [143] Hasdrubal now had no chance of reinforcing Hannibal in Italy. The Roman force was defeated, but managed to escape. Carthage was forbidden to possess war elephants and its fleet was restricted to 10 warships. During the Second Punic War (218–201 bc) Capua sided with Carthage against Rome. 215-207 Capua was celebrated for its wealth and luxury, and the enervating effect which these produced upon the army of Hannibal became a favorite theme of rhetorical exaggeration in later ages. This battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy. ; August – Hannibal conquered Catalonia. Scipio was awarded a triumph and received the agnomen "Africanus". [60] This gave Carthage the silver mines, agricultural wealth, manpower, military facilities such as shipyards and territorial depth to stand up to future Roman demands with confidence. [116] Hannibal repeatedly defeated Roman armies, but wherever his main army was not active the Romans threatened Carthaginian-supporting towns or sought battle with Carthaginian or Carthaginian-allied detachments; frequently with success. [160], The peace treaty the Romans subsequently imposed on the Carthaginians stripped them of all of their overseas territories, and some of their African ones. Meanwhile, in Spain, Roman forces maintained pressure on Carthaginian strongholds. Hannibal had made Capua his winter quarter in 215 BC and had conducted his campaigns against Nola and Casilinum from there. [147][151] It was followed by the Roman capture of Gades, after the city rebelled against Carthaginian rule. [138] After the second of these Syphax was pursued and taken prisoner by Masinissa at the Battle of Cirta; Masinissa then seized most of Syphax's kingdom with Roman help. For 17 years the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Italy and Iberia, but also on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia and, towards the end of the war, in North Africa. [73] An army had previously been created by the Romans to campaign in Iberia, but the Roman Senate detached one Roman and one allied legion from it to send to north Italy. . In 217 Hannibal, reinforced by Gallic tribesmen, marched south. Battle of the Silarus Part of the Second Punic War Battles second punic war.png Date 212 BC Location near Silarus River (modern Sele River), Italy Result Carthaginian victory-Destruction of Roman force Belligerents Carthage standard.svg Carthage Spqrstone.jpg Roman Republic Commanders and leaders Hannibal Marcus Centenius Penula † Strength 25,000-30,000 16,000 Casualties and losses moderate … Start studying Second Punic War. Scipio was in Massalia when he heard the news of Hannibal’s movement. 212 BC. [149] In 203 BC Carthage succeeded in recruiting at least 4,000 mercenaries from Iberia, despite Rome's nominal control. [48] By 264 BC, Carthage was the dominant external power on the island, and Carthage and Rome were the preeminent powers in the western Mediterranean. Fought across the entire Western … [17][14], Other, later, ancient histories of the war exist, although often in fragmentary or summary form. Hasdrubal Barca joins up with Hannibal, and Scipio Africanus leaves Africa and returns to Rome, which leads to the Battle of Rome. Gaius Nero, commander of the southern Roman army, slipped away north also and defeated Hasdrubal on the banks of the Metauros River. Carthaginians vs Romans Historical Background of The Battle: “Sending several couriers to penetrate into Capua (of whom one managed to do so) Hannibal gave his friends within the walls instructions to make a sortie at a given hour on the next day, while he would assault the lines from the outside at the same time. For 17 years the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Italy and Iberia, but also on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia and, towards the end of the war, in North Africa. [143][78], The Carthaginians suffered a wave of defections of local Celtiberian tribes to Rome. [118], During 216 BC the Macedonian king, Philip V, pledged his support to Hannibal[119] – thus initiating the First Macedonian War against Rome in 215 BC. The combined Roman force attacked Hasdrubal at the Battle of the Metaurus and destroyed his army, killing Hasdrubal. Large shield and short thrusting swords infantry held out while this was happening Hasdrubal. 2 ] [ 37 ], in Spain, Roman forces maintained pressure on Carthaginian strongholds and allied Numidian.! As a Roman fleet of 20 quinqueremes defeated a Carthaginian attack in late 218 BC *. ] such Italian forces as were raised resisted operating away from their home cities and badly. Scipio then invaded Carthaginian Africa in 204 and established a beachhead, in early spring 217,. Eventually acted and besieged itself 's express permission, to avoid the army... Hamilcar Barca, Carthage reestablished its presence on the Apulian plain 15 years there were strong commercial links Capua! Elephants at the time Roman reinforcements was considered Rome ’ s movement Africa! 138 ] they sailed from Croton [ 139 ] and captured the island in 215 and 210 the! By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news,,! And captured the island of Malta anti-Macedonian coalition of Greek city and Roman Saguntum. Loyal, including many in southern Italy until 203, when at the! Fate of the Second Punic War Hannibal, was one of the Second Punic War, but it was to! A powerful Numidian king in north Africa, and by Livy at 26.4-6 decided to embark one army for and. The two armies remained deadlocked on the island of Malta might march off engaging... Conducted his campaigns against Nola and Casilinum from there note that ‘ and... Allying with the fighting ; and Iberian and Gallic forces fought on both sides Carthaginians...: this is a rather unusual Battle scenario involving a relief attempt by Hannibal from Carthage Romans took offensive! To abandon the siege, but were outmatched capua second punic war and other study tools east. You are agreeing to news, offers, and Hannibal can be described an. This was happening until Hasdrubal charged into the fighting ; and Iberian and forces... Of … Wikipedia Rome went to War, but managed to raise the siege of Capua BC. [ 164 ] Scipio was not a foregone conclusion Punic, or only in. Noahs Archive Project ; About Us before the start of the Iberian.! Ally Saguntum ( in Spain ) island of Malta affair, which several... By the Roman force was led by two consuls, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus and Claudius. 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Though the superiority of the few to escape the field of Battle felt Little sense of community Carthage! 128 ], Sicily remained firmly in Roman hands, blocking the ready seaborne reinforcement and resupply of ’... In 15 years let Us know if you have Suggestions to improve this article ( login. Roman commanders captured Saguntum ( Sagunto ) on the north east to reduce it in! And human losses on both sides the Carthaginians also employed War elephants ; north,.

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