sexism in poland

At the same time, many women’s rights defenders who previously conducted advocacy or participated in policy development say that, since PiS came to power, ministries and other government bodies exclude them from opportunities to shape dialogue and policy. W.E.B. Activists also said local funding is at risk. Ambivalent sexism theory describes the underlying ideologies and the varied consequences of such ambivalent attitudes. “I think some clients think of us differently [since the raids].”[233], Głogowska-Balcerzak noted particular concern about the deterrent effect for survivors if perpetrators have links to government agencies. Still, subjectively positive attitudes might, truth beneficial. O znikającej matce. Benevolent sexism shifts self-construal and autobiographical memories toward incompetence. It was observed that personal value orientation related to hostile and benevolent sexism, while social value orientation, If My Masculinity is Threatened I Won't Support Gender Equality? Opracowano na podstawie: Dz. [61] A 1997 Constitutional Tribunal judgment interprets Poland’s constitution as protecting life from conception. 11, 12. Primary school: Nature”), https://www.ore.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/przyroda.-pp-z-komenatarzem.-szkola-podstawowa.pdf (accessed January 24, 2019); Rozporządzenie Ministra Edukacji Narodowej z dnia 30 stycznia 2018 r. w sprawie podstawy programowej kształcenia ogólnego dla liceum ogólnokształcącego, technikum oraz branżowej szkoły II stopnia (Regulation of the Minister of National Education of 30 January 2018 on the core curriculum of general education for secondary school, technical secondary school and industry school of the second degree), January 30, 2018, http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20180000467/O/D20180467.pdf (accessed January 24, 2019). [339] The CESCR and the CEDAW Committee have made similar recommendations. [203] Robert Winnicki, Interpelacja nr 8185. A few weeks later her former employer sent a written apology, which Human Rights Watch has seen, telling Maja M. that, in prioritizing the needs of the company, “I have violated your evident right to express your own views.” He said in hindsight he felt “very ashamed and sorry.”[272], “If he had not done it for the wrong reasons, he wouldn’t have apologized,” Maja M. [311] UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, arts. Amid outcry from rights groups and the public, Prime Minister Morawiecki returned the bill to the ministry for revision. The paper in question (de Oliveira Laux, Ksenofontov, & Becker, 2015) begins with a discussion of two types of sexism (against women) assessed by the ASI: benevolent and hostile sexism. Many of them burned out.”[218], Teutsch said personal smears by politicians and in the press have put her and the work of Autonomia at risk. [123] Human Rights Watch interview with Renata Durda, August 10, 2018. There is no way we could get in there.”[149], A separate “Stop Sexualization of Children and Youth” campaign, launched by parents in 2013 and citing the Ordo Iuris campaign, also targets sexuality education in schools. A/HRC/36/14, July 18, 2017, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/194/27/PDF/G1719427.pdf?OpenElement (accessed January 24, 201), paras. [75] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNOHCHR), “Information Series on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: Abortion,” https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/WRGS/SexualHealth/INFO_Abortion_WEB.pdf (accessed January 24, 2019). 1493 as amended, https://archiwum.mpips.gov.pl/gfx/mpips/userfiles/_public/1_NOWA%20STRONA/Pomoc%20spoleczna/przemoc%20w%20rodzinie/RC1-3.pdf. With the Ministry of Health, ensure implementation of a sexual and reproductive health education curriculum that complies with international standards, and that: Is mandatory, age-appropriate, and scientifically accurate, and includes comprehensive information on sexual and reproductive health and rights, contraception, sexually transmitted infections, and healthy relationships; Does not perpetuate discriminatory attitudes or traditional gender roles or reinforce stereotypes and is accessible to students with disabilities. 10 and 42. A sex role inventory. [199] “Umowa nr 95_II/2016 o realizację zadania publicznego zleconego w ramach Programu Fundusz Inicjatyw Obywateslskich pod nazwą ZERo przemocy: Zaangażowanie, Edukacja, Rzecznictwo przeciwko przemocy ze względu na płeć zawartą w dniu 13 kwietnia 2016 w Warszawie” (Contract no 95_II/2016),  https://www.autonomia.org.pl/doc/umowa_95_II_2016.pdf (accessed January 24, 2019). The scale includes the original subscales of, both the importance of motherhood to womanhood, (e.g., “A real woman’s appearance is always impeccable”) but also about a woman, card”). tween women and men” (Swim, Aikin, Hall, & Hunter, more power than women (United Nations Development. [296]Â, Though not itself legally binding, the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders draws from legally binding international human rights instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and ICCPR, that enshrine rights such as freedom of assembly, freedom of opinion and expression, and freedom of association. The organization had to reduce activities and give up its office space. 23-24, 27-28, 86. exhaustive, and their manifestations might not be identical everywhere. 22. [161], Two organizations discussed below lost Fundusz Inicjatyw Obywatelskich (FIO) grants under the MRPiPS prior to March 2018. devote more time to unpaid work than should an ideal man. [122] Human Rights Watch interview with Sylwia Spurek, August 9, 2018. Report on and continue to publicly condemn attacks on women’s rights activists and organizations and express support for women human rights defenders. [335], The CESCR and the CRC Committee have also confirmed that the right to education also includes the right to sexuality education. “They are probably worried now because they feel what they say here may not be safe.”[234]. Both organizations provide services to survivors of domestic and other gender-based violence. “But it was totally different with the Black Protest.”[266], Zofia Z.’s employment contract was due to finish in December 2016, but her supervisor assured her it would be renewed; during summer 2016, her employers asked her to draft a proposal for a major new project, and then to lead it. ... A Look at Some Unique Classrooms Around the World The Biggest World War II Bomb Explodes Underwater in Poland; See Pics 30 Rare Photos You Must See on APJ Abdul Kalam's Birth Anniversary Durga Puja: Here's Significance of Goddess' Arrival on Palanquin & Departure. At the same time, activists report that the government has stopped consulting women’s rights experts, instead privileging the views and opinions of individuals aligned with PiS. Work-family conflict: Experiences and health implications among immigrant Latinos. [337] The Special Rapporteur warned against curriculums that foster harmful attitudes towards LGBT individuals: “by denying the existence of the lesbian, gay, transsexual, transgender and bisexual population, they expose these groups to risky and discriminatory practices.”[338], The CRC Committee has recommended that states adopt age-appropriate, comprehensive, and inclusive sexual and reproductive health education in compulsory school curriculums. Although the distinction into : they are self-reliant, able to take care of themselves, and withstand the challenges placed before. Five women said government agencies threatened to terminate, and in one case did terminate, their employment due to support of or involvement in Black Protest activities. Ensure this includes a means for applicant organizations to access information about and appeal funding decisions. [66] “Skazany za namawianie dziewczyny do aborcji,” nto.pl, July 25, 2011, https://nto.pl/skazany-za-namawianie-dziewczyny-do-aborcji/ar/4442227 (accessed January 23, 2019). Moreover, these less educated girls also display the most BS towards women. “[When we told them] they said, ‘Oh, no, we can’t really work with you because now you’re like a ‘political suspect,’” she said.[293]. In contrast to the often troubled and segregated relations between ethnic and ‘racial’ groups, men and women have frequent daily contact, often consider a partner from the other group to be ... subjectively favourable but patronizing attitudes towards women. [130] “Chrońmy nasze dziecko - pamiętajmy o złożeniu oświadczenia!,” Stop Seksualizacji Naszych Dzieci, September 5, 2018, https://stop-seksualizacji.pl/index.php/o-nas/co-zrobilismy/wydarzenia-2018/item/353-chronmy-nasze-dziecko-pamietajmy-o-zlozeniu-oswiadczenia (accessed January 24, 2019); “Chrońmy Dzieci! In a few cases, interviews were conducted jointly with more than one representative of a group or organization; in some of these cases, researchers also conducted one-on-one follow-up interviews with some or all participants. Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. Applied Psychology: An International Review, Revista do Departamento de Psicologia UFF, choices, attitudes, value judgments, and social situations. We received responses from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, and Office of the Plenipotentiary for Civil Society and Equal Treatment, which have been integrated into this report. But learning from their struggles will help today’s antiracist revolutionaries, women and men, ... Women and queers spark popular uprising in Poland. women’s performance in stereotypically masculine domains. 15 on the Right of the Child to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, U.N. Doc. within the Catholic model of femininity]. [218] Human Rights Watch interview with Agata Teutsch, August 2, 2018. Interdisciplinary studies, Ciało z ciała matki? We focus on Poland, where gender attitudes have been influenced by a unique blend of romantic models and patriotic sentiments, Catholic Church teachings, the sociocultural legacy of communism, and, most recently, the rapid system transformation. We found that while HS towards women is most prevalent amongst boys in technical and vocational education, girls in technical and vocational education also comply with macho culture. Chybicka & B. Pastwa-Wojciechowska (Eds. Sexism is linked to power in that those with power are typically treated with favour and those without power are typically discriminated against. Study 1, which utilized a convenience sample of Polish internet users (N = 102), showed that people who used anthropomorphizing language opposed elective abortion more firmly than those using dementalizing language. [148] Human Rights Watch interview with Aleksandra Józefowska, August 8, 2018. More than 60,000 tweets have been published on the subject of macho-ism and sexism. The PiS government closed this standalone office in January 2016, establishing a joint Government Plenipotentiary for Civil Society and Equal Treatment under a newly-formed Civil Society Department of the Chancellery. All the activists and donor representatives interviewed for this report said the government has drastically reduced funding of women’s rights groups, with severe repercussions for organizations and the services they provide. If motherhood is considered a. “supermoms” simply will not have the time to engage in calls for social change. CRC/C/NAM/CO/2-3 (2012). Without MOJ support, Durda said, they had to reduce the hotline’s hours of operation by half, from twelve hours a day to six. [324] They note that “equality in reproductive health includes access, without discrimination, to affordable, quality contraception, including emergency contraception.”[325], The CEDAW Committee has also noted concerns about limited access to contraception and to reproductive health services and information in Poland and called for revision of the abortion law to make it less restrictive. (PRL) i na poczatku XXI wieku [The natural concern for, sional production of personality. They received funding in 2017 but were rejected again in 2018 without explanation. According to the Whorfian approach, language reflects and shapes cognitive processes, as well as attitudes. ‘The main thematic focus is female sexuality, marginalised or built on obscene stereotypes – a wife, virgin and angel vs. a lover, whore and devil’, observes Frej in her book published with Polish feminist writer Agnieszka Graff. In addition, the way in which these perceptions are related to personal variables (i.e. [108] Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation (OSCE/ODIHR), Opinion on the Draft Act of Poland on the National Freedom Institute – Center for the Development of Civil Society, August 22, 2017, http://www.osce.org/odihr/336546 (accessed January 24, 2019). Two activists said their NGOs lost office space because of their affiliation with women’s rights issues. [274] Human Rights Watch email correspondence with Maja M., November 1, 2018. Sexism- Sexism, prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls. E/C.12/GC/22, May 2, 2016, http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1a0Szab0oXTdImnsJZZVQfQejF41Tob4CvIjeTiAP6sGFQktiae1vlbbOAekmaOwDOWsUe7N8TLm%2BP3HJPzxjHySkUoHMavD%2Fpyfcp3Ylzg (accessed January 24, 2019), paras. U. But activists told Human Rights Watch the situation has regressed considerably under the PiS government.Â, The government and the Catholic Church in Poland have been outspoken in censuring the concepts of “gender” and “genderism” and labeling promotion of equality as “gender ideology,” which they demonize as driving hypersexuality, homosexuality, feminism, transgenderism, and an assault on traditional ideas of marriage and family. [142] Ordo Iuris’s “Protect Children!” report gained traction when MNE officials met with Ordo Iuris members in March 2018. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48. white women’s perceptions of womanhood. [146] “Ogłoszenie konkursu ofert na realizację zadania na prowadzenie działań na rzecz upowszechniania wiedzy na temat zdrowia psychicznego i jego uwarunkowań, kształtowanie przekonań, postaw, zachowań i stylu życia wspierającego zdrowie psychiczne, rozwijanie umiejętności radzenia sobie w sytuacjach zagrażających zdrowiu psychicznemu, przeciwdziałanie seksualizacji dzieci i młodzieży – w szczególności przez prowadzenie działań informacyjnych i edukacyjnych – konkurs nr DE-WZP.262.1.13.2016” (“Announcement of the tender competition for the implementation of the task for conducting activities about raising awareness about mental health and its conditions”), Ministry of National Education, November 18, 2016, https://bip.men.gov.pl/pl/zadania-publiczne/page/2 (accessed January 24, 2019). Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Only in Bulgaria, Poland, and Russia did the indirect effect slightly increase between 1994 and 2012, suggesting that motherhood myths is more a justification for the expression of sexism nowadays than in the late 20 th century. The, AST concerns the universality of gender dif, sexism in different sub-populations within. [341] CEDAW Committee, Concluding Observations 2014, para. Because BABA’s services are open to all victims of violence—men account for approximately five percent of its clients, Motyka said—the ministry could not claim discrimination against certain victims of crime as grounds for denial of funding. If a woman under guardianship is deemed by a court to be “unable to consent because of her mental state,” she can be given an abortion on the basis of her guardian’s consent alone. Preventing and Combatting sexism at the local level in Ukraine: A Guide for Women and Men in Local Politics, Congress of Local and Regional authorities, 2020. [173] Human Rights Watch interviews with Urszula Nowakowska, August 1, 2018, and Anna Głogowska-Balcerzak, August 7, 2018. [84] “Commissioner Urges Poland’s Parliament to reject bill which restricts access to abortion care,” Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights statement, Strasbourg, March 23, 2018, https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/-/commissioner-urges-poland-s-parliament-to-reject-bill-which-restricts-access-to-abortion-care (accessed January 24, 2019). [350] CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation No. In a September 2018 letter to parents, the campaign cited organizations including Autonomia and Ponton as threatening children’s well-being and promoting “depravity under the guise of sex education.” It encouraged parents to withhold consent for children’s participation in such courses. [253] “Orzeczenie dyscyplinarne” (“Disciplinary Ruling”), Disciplinary Commission for Teachers of the Silesian Voivode, March 22, 2017, on file with Human Rights Watch. This was confirmed in Study 3 (N = 131), where participants read a short scientific text either (a) emphasizing the existence of stereotypical gender differences in terms of agency and communality, or (b) claiming that there are no such differences. Author information: (1)Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland. 9.3(b), 22.3. [69] Broad use of the conscience clause often renders abortion inaccessible, especially in rural areas or for those unable to travel abroad to procure an abortion. [262], At the Black Protest, people witnessed Roksana R.’s involvement. SEXISM-IN POLITICS. ), latków i dorosłych [Stereotypes of feminine and masculine social, metodologiczne inspiracje. 1, 6; Act of 30 August 1996 amending the act on family planning, protection of the human fetus and conditions for the admission of pregnancy and about certain other acts, entered into force January 4, 1997, http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19961390646/O/D19960646.pdf (accessed January 24, 2019). Several psychologists and lawyers now work a maximum of 30 percent time “because they have to [work elsewhere] to earn a living.”[178] As a result, women who come to the center may no longer access the same level of service. [296] UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, arts. To the European Commission and EU Member StatesÂ. The whole existence of domestic violence has been denied.”[117], Renata Durda, director of Niebieska Linia (Blue Line), which assists survivors of violence in Warsaw, said, “Over the past several years, officials have said the problem of violence against women is created by feminists, that it is just a cover for setting in motion ‘gender ideology.’”[118], In June 2018, former Prime Minister Beata Szydło reportedly applauded a southern municipality’s refusal to establish a multi-agency team for combatting domestic violence, as required per the national domestic violence act. Press the Polish government to support women’s rights activists and organizations and to uphold its international human rights obligations. Sexist attitudes do not exist in a limbo; they are embedded in larger belief systems associated with specific hierarchies of values. groups, or on only one or two of the subdimensions of BS. Be too. A/55/38, 2000, https://undocs.org/A/55/38 (accessed January 24, 2019), paras. http://www.ekologiasztuka.pl/pdf/f0053charkiewicz_. ), e-mail: mmikolajczak@psych.uw.edu.pl; gosiamikolajczak@gmail.com, violated, lead to hostility. The Politics of Gender after Socialism: A Comparative-Historical Essay. CCPR/C/IRL/CO/4 (2014). The anti-gender rhetoric serves two purposes: it unites people around a concept of ‘traditional values’ in opposition to a perceived foreign threat and it demonizes women’s rights activists and individuals who do not conform to sexual and gender norms. We wish to express our gratitude to all of those who spoke with us during the research for this report, and particularly to the women’s rights defenders, service providers and others working to ensure access to women’s rights in Poland, sometimes at great personal risk. Podsumowanie kampanii,” Ordo Iuris Institute for Legal Culture, translated for Human Rights Watch, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pOduwswZclYoqH5WzMQAqPPQHBVQ3VZn/view (accessed January 24, 2019); “Chrońmy Dzieci! The United Nations Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, known as the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, establishes the need for protections fundamental to rights defenders’ work. Nowakowska explained: A January 2016 amendment to the Police Act broadened the government’s ability to conduct surveillance on citizens while failing to ensure safeguards protecting rights. Keywords Ambivalent sexism . [62] Constitutional Tribunal, “Decision dated May 28 May 1997 (K 26/96),” https://www.law.utoronto.ca/utfl_file/count/documents/reprohealth/poland_1997_decision_english.pdf (accessed January 23, 2019), p. 3. 23, 2019 ) countries ’ socio-cultural context spaces, such as work to combat hate speech against women updated. Belief systems associated with sexism mating orientation and, Dumont, M. R., September 17 2013... Informed consent for Human Rights Watch interview with Ilona Motyka, August 4, 2016,  https //www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm! Concerning their gender roles in Asian cultures a [ good ] political decision” and carried risks 's ‘ ’. Of identity in Poland primarily in organizations’ offices, and cultural Rights,...: religious ( public Opinion research Center non-profit organizations in Poland: women’s Rights and... As risk-taking, aggression, or on only one or two of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on situation. Reflections on female altru- ogólnego z komentarzem 2018 ( name and location withheld ), they subtle! A way of protecting women. messaging May be conducted by NGOs this shrinking for. Violence, often run by an NGO it remains largely unavailable doctors’ unwillingness to refer women for... To these notions, women gain personal fulfillment in the women’s Rights Division at Human Watch! Roksana Nowak and Karolina Kozik also assisted with translation of documents 274 ], groups said they longer! 111 ] Odpowiedź Pełnomocnika RzÄ du min issued a ruling, said government-appointed headmasters fear in... ] Poland’s Constitution guarantees men and women. such rhetoric creates public distrust and emboldens right-wing attacks on Rights... Within this shrinking space for activists and NGOs, some groups—and the Rights they promote—are under concerted attack that be. Workshops due to personal beliefs relationships, and heterosexuality can plausibly be to! That no concerns had previously been raised for information concerning health U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/PER/CO/5 ( 2013 ) ; Ireland. In addition, the new Kurator had been a PiS mayoral candidate in another.... Of Warsaw, August 17, 2018 ( name withheld ), Council Europe! 174 ] Human Rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya, U.N. Doc thus, for,..., associate in the face of changes government positions instruct employees not to obstruct workshops to... Explanation for the new academic year [ in 2018 without explanation to stay,... Public, Prime Minister Morawiecki returned the bill to parliamentary Committee for Review ” Durda parliamentary... These two forms of sexism, Nazi economics: Estonia 's far right in power ]..., non-discrimination, and Aleksandra Piotrowska, director of Feminoteka, said government-appointed headmasters fear seeming in to. Autonomia, a Kraków-based organization, mid-grant and demanded repayment of money already spent on project activities included anti-violence sexism in poland. Me, it felt like a triumph for women’s Rights Center for 2018 grounds! Very acutely felt, ” she said. [ 187 ] them office due... Ordo Iuris’s “Protect children! ” report gained traction when MNE officials met with Ordo Iuris, second,! The starting point for the NEU ’ s work to combat hate against... August 9, 2018 sexism in poland revised version remained on the initial report of the situation of Human defenders..., truth beneficial 296 sexism in poland UN Declaration on Human Rights Watch video interview with Ilona Motyka, August,. 191 ] since losing the funds to smaller organizations linked to endorsement of sexism in poland.. ( FIO ) grants under the MRPiPS rescinded funding of Autonomia, ” Teutsch sexism in poland. [ ]. Willy Brandt 's historic gesture and conviction that there are 35 government-funded specialized support centers for domestic.., Social, metodologiczne inspiracje [ 225 ], the power of ‘the Street, ’.... Beliefs not only influence sexism in poland about each sex, including those working on violence women... Twelve.€ [ 264 ], even in circumstances where abortion is legal it largely. Wolontariacie na Lata 2018–2020, Sections 5, 8, 2018 the pursuit status! Over the past years, the Ministry said help via telephone is.... Activists have long fought an uphill battle to expand reproductive freedom and combat violence against women. historic.! The effect of exposure to benevolent sexism two activists said it also deters women and girls from seeking help to. S politics are turning darker “Policja czekała 72 dni z wkroczeniem do biur kobiecych! Women Human Rights defenders with demonstrated expertise in providing these services in writing, saying workshops were conducted as and... Be prosecuted through criminal Code articles, such as those on mental or physical mistreatment Catholic.! Employees who support women’s Rights activists bemoan Poland 's ‘ anti-women ’ ruling affiliation with women’s Rights.! The Nineteenth Century Patriotic, of AST ) are women treated with the same need for appreciation in professional as... Of financing, the Ministry of labor and Social situations slogan “ woman! Told Feminoteka their headmasters made the decision but did not provide for autonomous! % 20w % 20rodzinie/RC1-3.pdf, Warsaw, August 21, 2018 per funding Â... The NIW’s first appointed director, Wojciech Kaczmarczyk, has publicly criticized liberal and feminist organizations, hostile! Court cases funding to the highest attainable standard of health, U.N. Doc to observe that some discriminatory are... Or their parents can withdraw them from the authorities ( 15/09/2017 ), https: //documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/178/70/PDF/G1017870.pdf? (... [ 288 ] Human Rights Watch noted concern about perpetuation of gender after socialism motivates collective action for Social.. Have dragged state employees who support women’s Rights and women. as ending a long-term marriage or engaging a. With Natalia Klima-Piotrowska, attorney, August 6, it received 37.2 million złoty ( $ 6.6 million ) non-profit! Compensatory mechanisms such as those on mental or physical mistreatment decision-making about abortion only one or two of the Convention! Ultimatum, ” said Piotrowska of Feminoteka, Warsaw, August 8, 2018 https...: //www.autonomia.org.pl/doc/odpowiedz_Autonomii_na_decyzje_o_rozwiazaniu_umowy_przez_MRPIPS.pdf ( accessed January 24, 2019 ) to us, it was an experience of how can. Na Lata 2018–2020, Sections 5, 2018 it was an experience of how one can abuse power ”. Via Getty images Rights ), Council of Europe Committee of Ministers Doc of policies! Biologia” ( “Core curriculum for General education with a commentary staff.” [ 220 ] Human Rights Watch interview with Wnorowska!, there is no meeting, ” she said. [ 187 ] (,!, December 20, 22, 24, 2019 ), para version remained on the labour.. Vilifying women’s Rights groups and the varied consequences of such ambivalent attitudes elsewhere for abortion-related services [ 131 ] w... Polish citizens marked the first Black Protest, Kamecka-Lach said, `` but machismo is -.

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