shapur the great

Shapur I’s victory over Valerian was among his last. He continued to encourage a high level of literacy and culture at his court, which was to serve as a model for the rest of the citizens. Early life and accession. Shapur I had at least two brothers but seems to have been the favorite of his father from an early age. SHAPUR I. During these military operations, the son of King Grumbath died. Shapur II (Middle Persian: ୱ୧୯୥୧୥୩ Šāhpuhr), also known as Shapur II the Great (Persian: شاپور دوم بزرگ‎‎), was the tenth king of the Sasanian Empire. He was the posthumous son of Hormuz II and therefore was born king. Despite such activity of Shapur II, the war did not bring any particular results to either side. Sign in to disable ALL ads. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Shapur_I/. Shapur I did not consider the “forces of darkness” worthy of negotiation. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. The longest reigning Sasanian monarch, he reigned from 309 to 379. Antioch was one of the most important urban centers of ancient Rome, and its conquest could not go unchallenged. Full Tree Descendants (Inventory) Lineage : Sassanid: Sex : Male Full name (at birth) Shapur II 'The Great… After a number of setbacks for the Roman forces, Gordian III was killed by his own troops, who then replaced him as emperor with a popular commander, Philip the Arab (r. 244-249 CE). However, Constantius was not able to take advantage of Shapur’s departure, as he himself was distracted from the external war by troubles within the Roman Empire itself. Ardashir’s father, Papak, had taken control of the district of Istakhr where the ruins of the great Persian city of Persepolis lay. He made peace with Shapur I and paid him 500,000 denars as part of the treaty. and Carrhae (Harran, Tur.) The Romans, who were bound by the conditions of a difficult world for them, stopped helping their yesterday’s allies. Shapur I, (the Great) a warrior, visionary and righteous emperor ( r. 239-70 CE ) Shapur, name born by three Sasanian King of kings and a number of notables of the Sasanian and later periods. Shapur I, also known as Shapur the Great, was the second Sasanian King of Kings of Iran. The invasion of the nomadic tribes of Central Asia forced Shapur II to turn his attention to the East. A counter attack from the Romans occurred, but after a while, the Emperor Constantius II died on November 3, 361. Central Asian tribes had taken advantage of his minority to regain much of their former territory, then held by Persia. Barthold V. V. Iran. Gundeshapur was the first teaching hospital in which young aspiring physicians learned from older, more experienced, doctors. Which city did Alexander the Great sack and burn? Shapur II was born after the death of his father, and his accession to the throne took place in a difficult situation. Another attack of Shapur’s troops on Armenia occurred in 371, but the new great king of Armenia and the Pope, managed to repel it with the help of the Romans and Georgians. Philip ceded the disputed territory of Armenia to Shapur I but quickly went back on the treaty and reclaimed the region; this action obviously broke the peace and reignited hostilities. In the course of his wars with Rome, Shapur I proved himself a clever and unpredictable adversary. The priest Kartir remained a dominant figure under Bahram II. License. Hormizd I in Battleby The Creative Assembly (Copyright). Shapur I (r. 240-270 CE) is considered one of the greatest kings of the Sassanian Empire for expanding his realm, his policy of religious tolerance, building projects, and committing the Zoroastrian scriptures (Avesta) to writing. Although he was defeated by the Roman forces under Odaenathus, he maintained his kingdom and continued his policies of justice, religious tolerance, great building projects, and cultural diffusion, handing this legacy on to his son who continued them. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. The great statue of Shapur (ŠāpÅ«r) I stands in the so-called cave of Shapur, a huge limestone cave in southern Iran , about 6 km from the ancient city of Bišāpur. Sources say that when Shapur II reached the age of sixteen in 325 AD, he launched a campaign to tame the Arab tribes and ensure security on the borders of the empire. The Persians first invaded northern Mesopotamia. The Arabs nicknamed him “Zu-l actaf,” “the owner of the shoulder blades”, “the one who punches the shoulders”. During the war, virtually all significant cities were seriously affected, and the ancient Armenian civilization was dealt a death blow, from which it was never able to recover. Shapur the Great (309-379) Hormizd II (302-309), the son and successor of Narses, married a Kushan princess to maintain peace on his eastern frontier. Blockly RC Ammianus Marcellinus on the Persian invasion of AD 359 For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Shapur II or Sapor II, 310–79, king of Persia (310–79), of the Sassanid, or Sassanian, dynasty. Illustration of Colossal Statue of Shapur Iby Unknown Artist (Public Domain) He sent Shapur I an offer of alliance, which was rebuffed. It seems most of them despised Shapur especially for his raids in Syria and Anatolia and the fact that it seemed he never gave the Empire any respite. The reign of Shapur I is regularly praised by most ancient writers as exemplifying that of a noble king and formidable warrior. He kept a wary peace with Rome but never moved against it again. Gordian Caesar was killed and the Roman force destroyed” (See translation of SKZ (Shapur Kaba Zartusht) in Appendix 4, 1984). Thank you! During the retreat, almost at the very border, Julian, rushing into the thick of the battle was mortally wounded. Cite This Work Coming from Syria, crossing the Euphrates and moving along the river, the Romans entered Assyria and occupied several fortresses. Ardashir’s father, Papak, had taken control of the district of Istakhr where the ruins of the great Persian city of Persepolis lay. His long reign was marked by great military success. In the theater of war, in bringing great swathes of land under the Sasanian banner, Shapur would prove himself time and again—as heir apparent, in the synarchy shared with his father, and during his rule thereafter. The Great Statue. Shapur II was a… Shapur I saw himself as a leader of the forces of light and comported himself accordingly by encouraging the peaceful practice of all religions in his realm and devoting his scribes to the translation and revision of religious and philosophical works. Shapur I had at least two brothers but seems to have been the favorite of his father from an early age. the divine Shapur, King of Kings of Iran whom descended from the Gods. Emperor Valerian marched against Shapur I and drove him from the city, but the plague then struck the Roman army and they were forced to retreat back behind the walls of Antioch. Following his defeat by Odaenathus, Shapur I focused on domestic issues and warfare with nations on his other borders. Seeking to reach Constantinople as quickly as possible, Jovian immediately agreed to Shapur’s demands and concluded peace with him for thirty years. Mark, J. J. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Mark, published on 16 November 2017 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The name ShāpÅ«r, meaning “son of a king,” was common in the Sāsānian period and was often given to sons other than princes. In 309 one of his brothers was killed by nobles of the Empire while the other was blinded, this left Shapur as the sole successor to the Empire. Ardashir did not wait for Khosrau I to launch an attack but mobilized his forces and struck first. Shapur (r. 240-270) is ruler of Sassanid Persia, Shahanshah “King of Kings.” He has invaded Roman Mesopotamia and Syria intent on capturing the east for his growing empire. History of the Sword Throughout Antiquity, The Medieval Cog Ship and Its Use in History, The Largest European Medieval Castle You Probably Never Head Of. He was the son of Ardashir I (r. 224 - c. 240 CE), the founder of the empire, who made him his co-ruler and brought him on campaigns to learn the art of war. https://www.ancient.eu/Shapur_I/. In 529, Christians closed the school of Athens—the last link to the academies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. "Shapur I." Shapur II, with the support of King Grumbat, attacked the Roman lands in Northern Mesopotamia. Following the spectacular reign of Shapur I, the Sassanians were led by a series of fairly ineffectual monarchs who struggled – and failed – to measure up his successes or those of his father (and founder of the empire), Ardashir I (r. 224-240 CE). 4 (1939), pp. Shapur the Great, the Sassanid ruler who brought Persia back to it's former glory with his tremendous victories against Rome! The Birth of Shapur II., A.D. 309.—The father of Shapur the Great was Hormisdas II., who reigned from A.D. 301 to 309, and was noted for his activity in Ammianus Marcellinus. When he was killed on a hunting trip c. 267 CE, rule would pass to his young son but power would be wielded by his wife Zenobia (r. 267-272 CE) who would found the Palmyrene Empire. There is no evidence of a loss of Sasanian territory to the Romans nor any decisive Roman victories of note. Returning to campaign against the Romans in Mesopotamia, he was checked by the emperor Gordian III (r. 238-244 CE), only 17 years old at the time. "The Great Inscription of Shapur I [A.D. 241-272]," in 28 pdf pages, W. B. Henning's celebrated article from Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, Vol. 823-849.A Wikipedia entry describes the life and deeds of this important shah … The Persian Emperor Bahram died the same year as Mani — in 276 — and was succeeded by his son, Bahram II. Philip understood he needed to extricate himself from the war with Shapur I to deal with the many other challenges facing Rome. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. Then he crossed the Persian Gulf, reaching Al Ḵaá¹­á¹­, which is the coastal region of Bahrain and Qatar. Jump to: navigation, search. In 260 he defeated and captured the Roman emperor Valerianus outside the Roman city of Edessa. The name. East in the Middle Ages and advancing deep into Syria. "Shapur I." Shapur II or Sapor II, 310–79, king of Persia (310–79), of the Sassanid, or Sassanian, dynasty. Rome was in an almost constant state of chaos at this time as one emperor after another proved disappointing to his troops, the Senate, the people, or all three, and was executed in favor of another military commander. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Along with his principal wife, Azadokht Shahbanu (Shahbanu a title meaning"King's Lady"), Shapur I founded the center of learning and first teaching hospital Gundeshapur which would become the greatest intellectual center of its time and the model for later hospitals and universities. This is confirmed by Persian inscriptions that mention the stability of the eastern border in the time of Shapur II. Please support Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation. Defeated at Resaina (now in T The new emperor was Jovian. He had at his command a troop of Bedouin soldiers, who knew the land as well as the Sasanid army, and his own Syrian troops were fully acclimated to the climate of the region, unlike those under Gordian III or Valerian who had been deployed from Rome. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. 12 Dec 2020. Mark, Joshua J. Ardashir I was the vassal of the Parthian king Artabanus IV (sometimes incorrectly cited as Artabanus V) who saw him and his family as trouble-makers. WHO IS DEADLIEST? Although Shapur I wished to be remembered as a great warrior-king, he had other equally impressive talents. In 363, the new Roman emperor Julian launched a counter-offensive against the Persians. His reign is consistently praised by non-Roman scribes for all of these accomplishments, and he continues to be regarded as a King of Kings, with the same level of respect he knew while he lived, up to the present day. high relief low relief. Related Content Shapur II (Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩‎ Šābuhr; New Persian: شاپور‎, Šāpur, 309 – 379), also known as Shapur II the Great, was the tenth Sasanian King of Kings (Shahanshah) of Iran. Shapur II 'The Great' Sassanid King Of 's father was Hormizd II Sassanid King Of PERSIA and his mother was Princess KABUL.His paternal grandfather was Narses I Sassanid King Of PERSIA .He was an only child. The dating of his reign is disputed, but it is generally agreed that he ruled from 240 to 270, with his father Ardashir I as co-regent till the death of the latter in 242. Among the greatest artworks of the Sasanian Period is the piece known as the Colossal Statue of Shapur I which stands 21 feet (6.7 meters) tall and was carved from a single stalagmite in a cave (known as the Shapur Cave) in modern-day Iran. ____ ones were carvings that had more of a three-dimensional effect while ____ sculptures were very close to the original wall. Vol.3. Shapur II 'The Great' From Rodovid EN. Some Arab tribes were forcibly deported to the territory of the Sassanid Empire. Rev. During the Crisis of the Third Century, elevating a man to the supreme position of emperor of Rome was almost a death sentence, but this did not prevent ambitious men from continually vying for the throne. Illustration of Colossal Statue of Shapur I. Shapur II 'The Great' Sassanid King Of was born in 0309. His son Arshak II tried to maintain neutrality, but eventually joined Julian’s campaign deep into the Persian state. This vast military enterprise was conceived and furnished with all the means that the empire could provide. He took Roman fortresses and cities in Mesopotamia and drove his army on to conquer more territory, greatly enlarging the kingdom he had inherited from his father. When Artabanus IV had tolerated this long enough, he sent the vassal-king of Khuzestan against Ardashir but without success. Ardashir I and Shapur I also understood the importance of religious faith in unifying an empire or nation and so made their own, Zoroastrianism, the state religion. Shapur had placed his son two times as king of Armenia, but the Armenians rebelled and drove him out. Shapur I was defeated by Gordian III’s forces initially, but when Timesitheus died of the plague the situation reversed; Gordian III had no natural talents for warfare and no ability to counter Shapur I’s strategies. Shapur I (Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩; New Persian: شاپور), also known as Shapur I the Great, was the second shahanshah (king of kings) of the Sasanian Empire.The dates of his reign are commonly given as 240/42 – 270/72, but it is likely that he also reigned as co-regent (together with his father) prior to his father's death in 242 (more probably than 240). He was as skilled in battle as he was in bureaucratic administration and won a number of victories against Rome after Alexander Severus was murdered by his own troops on campaign in Germania in 235 CE. Books According to the stories of Marcellinus, Shapur often personally participated in the campaigns. Ardashir then founded the Sasanian Dynasty (named for his forefather Sasan) on the ruins of the Parthian Empire. ŠĀPUR I, second Sasanian king of kings (r. 239-70) and author of several rock-reliefs and the trilingual inscription on the walls of the so-called KaÊ¿ba-ye ZardoÅ¡t [Å KZ].. i. Bust of Shapur I right with earring; crown with ear flap. In 359, the war between the Persians and the Romans continued. The exclusively bloody wars of Shapur II with Rome for Armenia and Mesopotamia were perhaps the central event for Middle Eastern history of the IV century AD. Julian approached the Persian capital Ctesiphon and placed a large army near its walls. ShāpÅ«r II, byname ShāpÅ«r The Great, (born ad 309—died 379), 10th king of the Sāsānian Empire of Persia, who withstood Roman strength by astute military strategy and diplomacy and brought the empire to the zenith of its power.. History of Armenia Favstos Buzand Ramesses the Great, the Egyptian Pharaoh who gave his empire the most land it ever would have! The cave of Shapur contains two different sectors. Shapur II succeeded not only in repelling the eastern enemies, but also in attracting to the union against the Romans, the king of Grumbat khionites. Ardashir was a skilled military leader who not only defeated the Parthian king Artabanus IV (r. 213-224 CE) in numerous battles but finally killed him and brought down the Parthian Empire, replacing it with his own. Although the Roman writers claim that Shapur I was defeated in battle by the emperor Alexander Severus, all the Romans really did was halt Shapur I’s advance. ♂ Shapur II ? (The Great) title: between 309 and 379, King of Persia == 3 == Children Favst Buzand. Web. Historical review Shapur II’s trips to the West were described by one of the most brilliant historians of antiquity, an eyewitness and participant of those events – Ammianus Marcellinus. The Shapur inscription at Nagsh-e-Rustam states that “…at Mesiche, a great frontal battle occurred. When Ardashir died c. 241 CE, Shapur I assumed the traditional Persian title of the monarchy, the King of Kings. Although Shapur I was an able administrator and ruler whose reign is recorded in glowing phrases by everyone except Roman writers, he thought of himself as a warrior-king first and tried to exemplify this ideal. After Papak’s death, Ardashir maintained control of Istakhr in defiance of Artabanus IV’s authority as king and requests to relinquish the region. Did Rats Bring The Black Death Plague In The Middle Ages ? In 309 one of his brothers was killed by nobles of the Empire while the other was blinded, this left Shapur as the sole successor to the Empire. The Persians besieged Amida and 73 days later took her. Shapur I was a popular monarch and was honored through inscriptions and, most famously, the Colossal Statue of Shapur I, located in the Shapur Cave in modern-day Iran. This may mean that Shapur II managed to capture a large amount of gold and other precious metals during his eastern campaign. According to classical sources, Shapur II launched this campaign against the Romans in order to conquer territories belonging to his ancestors. In 364, Shapur once again threw his army into Armenia. The further the Roman army withdrew from the Roman border into Mesopotamia they were able to receive less resources and the Romans began to suffer from hunger. Christians were allowed to build churches and Jews synagogues, even though their teachings were at odds with the state religion and, at times, antagonistic to it. Tag: Shapur II (the Great) Ancient Iran : The Sassanid. As the former capital of the Persian Empire, Persepolis held great significance for the Parthian Empire which claimed legitimacy for their reign through association with the former glory of the Persians. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. As the former capital of the Persian Empire, Persep… On the eastern border of the Roman Empire, the city of Palmyra in Syria was governed by a man named Odaenathus who seems to have considered Shapur I a better bet to advance his fortunes than any of the emperors of Rome. Meanwhile, the Roman army was faced with a number of unforeseen difficulties, that increased over time. He was the posthumous son of Hormuz II and therefore was born king. Shapur I learned the lessons his father taught well and used them effectively against his own enemies, most notably Rome. The architectural motif of the domed minaret was developed during his reign and would come to define his building projects and those of the region and culture up to the present day. History of the East. The Sasanid army then intensified the siege of the city, under the direction of Shapur I’s son Hormizd I, and Antioch fell. History of Iran III – VII centuries Thus, by the year 350 the war had reached a dead end. Zoroastrian Alter with Two Attendants.-Pahlavi script-"The Fire of Shapur" After killing the majority of the population, he ordered the destruction of the wells, forcing the Arabs to suffer from thirst. In memory of the fact that he ordered to punch the prisoners with blades and, suspended them in trees. Zoroastrianism, with its vision of the universe in constant struggle between the forces of good and those of evil, light vs. dark, was perfectly suited to a state whose focus was primarily warfare. Odaenathus defeated Shapur I and drove him and his army from the Roman territories. Dashkov SB The kings of kings are Sasanids. He attacked the Hajjar, inhabited by the Arabic tribes. Valerian Defeated by Shapur Iby Pierre Mertens (CC BY-NC-ND). The king of Kushan surrendered, and Khosrau I was defeated. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Coin of Shapur Iby TruthBeethoven (CC BY-SA). Last modified November 16, 2017. Shapur I as he may have appeared during his campaigns against the Roman armies in the 3rd century AD. He is considered among the greatest Sassanian monarchs along with Shapur II (r. 309-379 CE), Kavad I (r. 488-496, 498-531 CE) and Kosrau I. Artabanus IV then met Ardashir in battle personally and was defeated both times; the second time he was killed. Gordian III was an inexperienced soldier and statesman who relied heavily on the advice and strategies of his father-in-law and Praetorian Prefect, Gaius Timesitheus, a skilled leader and able commander. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, UK, Iran & Iranian Art & Civilisation & Archaeology & Anthropolgy & Society& Race& History & Culture , Iranian Tehran Persian Iranian History web site, news culture, music … After Odaenathus, Shapur I made no further moves against Rome, nor did his son and successor Hormizd I (r. 270 - c. 273 CE) who maintained an uneasy truce with Rome throughout his reign. Shapur I replied that Odaenathus was not his equal and, far from thinking they could be allies, the Roman governor should look forward to becoming Shapur I’s vassal. In 374, the Roman Emperor Valent ordered the murder of the Pope, who pursued an independent policy, and began to gather a Persian campaign, which, however did not take place. Shapur I’s son, Hormizd I (r. 270-271 CE) succeeded him but ruled only a year before he was replaced by his brother Bahram I (r. 271-274 CE) who was almost completely controlled by the magi (priestly class) and, under their influence, reversed the policy of religi… Bahram II and Narseh. Under the terms of this treaty, five controversial areas on the border, fifteen fortresses and three strategically important cities departed for Iran. 379 The indiscipline of his own soldiers engaged in robbing the corpses of the fallen Persian soldiers prevented him from immediately seizing the Persian capital. His son Shapur II had one of the longest reigns in history (309-379), because, according to Gibbon, he was a king all of his life; his coronation took place before he was even born! Teaching hospital in which young aspiring physicians learned from older, more,. 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