what was mozambique called before

The first European expedition to Mozambique was led by the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama, who arrived in 1498. There are known to be 740 bird species in Mozambique, including 20 globally threatened species and two introduced species, and over 200 mammal species endemic to Mozambique, including the critically endangered Selous' zebra, Vincent's bush squirrel and 13 other endangered or vulnerable species. [24], FRELIMO took control of the territory after ten years of sporadic warfare, as well as Portugal's own return to democracy after the fall of the authoritarian Estado Novo regime in the Carnation Revolution of April 1974 and the failed coup of 25 November 1975. Mozambique held elections in 1994, which were accepted by most parties as free and fair while still contested by many nationals and observers alike. It is bound by Swaziland to the south, South Africa to the southwest, Zimbabwe to the west, Zambia and Malawi to the northwest, Tanzania to the north and the Indian Ocean to the east. They brought with them the technology for melting and smithing iron. [19], In the central part of the Mozambique territory, the Portuguese attempted to legitimise and consolidate their trade and settlement positions through the creation of prazos (land grants) tied to their settlement and administration. Annual precipitation varies from 500 to 900 mm (19.7 to 35.4 in) depending on the region, with an average of 590 mm (23.2 in). Preparations for privatisation and/or sector liberalisation were made for the remaining parastatal enterprises, including telecommunications, energy, ports, and railways. Within a year, most of the 250,000 Portuguese in Mozambique had left—some expelled by the government of the nearly independent territory, some fleeing in fear—and Mozambique became independent from Portugal on 25 June 1975. Mozambique - Mozambique - History: During the colonial era Mozambique’s history was written as though it had begun with the arrival of the Portuguese, but the people of this region had developed complex communities based on agriculture, cattle raising, mining, crafts, and trade long before the first small groups of Portuguese settlers arrived in the 16th century. On 4 October 1992, the Rome General Peace Accords, negotiated by the Community of Sant'Egidio with the support of the United Nations, were signed in Rome between President Chissano and RENAMO leader Afonso Dhlakama, which formally took effect on the October 15, 1992. [86], During Portuguese colonial rule, a large minority of people of Portuguese descent lived permanently in almost all areas of the country,[87] and Mozambicans with Portuguese heritage at the time of independence numbered about 360,000. A coalition of RENAMO and several small parties won the 90 remaining seats. 52. Rugged highlands are further west; they include the Niassa highlands, Namuli or Shire highlands, Angonia highlands, Tete highlands and the Makonde plateau, covered with miombo woodlands. Beginning in 1998, Mozambique has reformed the formal part The Bantu were farmers and ironworkers. As a result, investment lagged while Lisbon devoted itself to the more lucrative trade with India and the Far East and to the colonisation of Brazil. In 2007, one million children still did not go to school, most of them from poor rural families, and almost half of all teachers in Mozambique were still unqualified. There is a very small but thriving Jewish community in Maputo. Common native languages include Makhuwa, Sena, and Swahili. [119] Most funding and advertising revenue is given to pro-government newspapers. [65], Mozambique is one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world, even though between 1994 and 2006 its average annual GDP growth was approximately 8%. Among the main Protestant churches are Igreja União Baptista de Moçambique, the Assembleias de Deus, the Seventh-day Adventists, the Anglican Church of Southern Africa, the Igreja do Evangelho Completo de Deus, the Igreja Metodista Unida, the Igreja Presbiteriana de Moçambique, the Igrejas de Cristo and the Assembleia Evangélica de Deus. Gengenbach, Heidi, "Binding Memories: Women as Makers and Tellers of History in Magude, Mozambique". They frequently fought the Yao. Since its formation in 1994, the National Assembly has made progress in becoming a body increasingly more independent of the executive. Muslims are particularly present in the north of the country. Other groups include Makonde, Yao, Swahili, Tonga, Chopi, and Nguni (including Zulu). The IMF classifies Mozambique as a Heavily Indebted Poor Country. A joint donor-government study in early 2007 said 'Mozambique is generally considered an aid success story.'. [90][91], According to a 2011 survey, the total fertility rate was 5.9 children per woman, with 6.6 in rural areas and 4.5 in urban areas. Many prazos had declined by the mid-19th century, but several of them survived. The US$, South African rand, and recently the euro are also widely accepted and used in business transactions. [16] The civil war took about 600 000 lives, by 1990, the number increased to over a million people. In 1859 David Livingstone the Scottish explorer and missionary reached Lake Nyasa. It formed off the eastern coast of Mozambique in early March and hit the country's coast a first time before heading back out into the Mozambique Channel. Protected areas of Mozambique include thirteen forest reserves, seven national parks, six nature reserves, three frontier conservation areas and three wildlife or game reserves. The facemask was one of Makobo’s handmade creations by the women the centre supports, which Santos said came “from Mozambique with … As of December 2011, 240,000 were receiving such treatment, increasing to 416,000 in March 2014 according to the health authorities. Little is known about Mozambique's jihadists, who call themselves Al-Shabab - although they have no known links to the group of that name operating … [citation needed] Mozambique has a great potential for growth in its gross domestic product (GDP),[citation needed] although its current contribution is only 5.6%. FRELIMO won, under Joaquim Chissano, while RENAMO, led by Afonso Dhlakama, ran as the official opposition. [71], Mozambique was ranked 116 of 178 countries in anti-graft watchdog Transparency International's latest index of global corruption. [33], Machel's successor Joaquim Chissano implemented sweeping changes in the country, starting reforms such as changing from Marxism to capitalism, and began peace talks with RENAMO. Within a year, most of the 250,000 Portuguese in Mozambique had left—some expelled by the government of the nearly independent territory, some fleeing in fear—and Mozambique became independent from Portugal on 25 June 1975. [16] Mozambique also belonged to the Front Line States. The provinces are subdivided into 129 districts (distritos). "Mozambique Island: The Rise and Decline of an East African Coastal City" 2004. Portuguese trading … In the southern parts of Mozambique—Maputo and Gaza provinces as well as the city of Maputo—the official figures are more than twice as high as the national average. In Mozambique, Sofala, Angoche, and Mozambique Island were regional powers by the 15th century. From about 1500, Portuguese trading posts and forts displaced the Arabic commercial and military hegemony, becoming regular ports of call on the new European sea route to the east. British Malawi. [16], The opposition coalition did not accept the National Election Commission's results of the presidential vote and filed a formal complaint to the Supreme Court. Northern Mozambique lies within the monsoon trade winds of the Indian Ocean. Mozambique has a very large child population, with more than half of the Mozambican population being children under 18 years of age. In January 2017, 3 firms were selected by the Mozambique Government for the Natural Gas Development Projects in the Rovuma gas basin. Mozambican culture also influences the Portuguese culture. Particularly important were the gold and ivory caravan routes. [99], Prepositions appear in these languages as locative prefixes prefixed to the noun and declined according to their own noun-class. Mozambique - Mozambique - Colonial Mozambique: By the 1880s the Portuguese controlled trade and collected tribute in coastal enclaves from Ibo in the north to Lourenço Marques in the south, but their ability to control events outside those areas was quite limited; that situation, however, was about to change. Other articles where History of Mozambique is discussed: Mozambique: History: During the colonial era Mozambique’s history was written as though it had begun with the arrival of the Portuguese, but the people of this region had developed complex communities based on agriculture, cattle raising, mining, crafts, and trade long before the first small groups of… The United Methodist Church has tripled in size in Mozambique since 1998. From the late first millennium AD, vast Indian Ocean trade networks extended as far south into Mozambique as evidenced by the ancient port town of Chibuene. South of this area are languages of the Tsonga group, which are quite different again. mi. Newitt, M.D.D. In the 18th century and early 19th century a people from northern Mozambique called the Yao raided Malawi and took captives to be sold to the Arabs as slaves. RENAMO and some other opposition parties made claims of election fraud and denounced the result. (PPP) with a company called Aguas de Moçambique. [48][49], From 2013 to 2019, a low-intensity insurgency by RENAMO occurred, mainly in the country's central and northern regions. Some 48 per cent of women in Mozambique aged 20–24 were first married or in a union before the age of 18, and 14 per cent before the age of 15 (DHS, 2011). Suffrage is universal at eighteen. Although Portuguese influence gradually expanded, its power was limited and exercised through individual settlers and officials who were granted extensive autonomy. Immediately inland of the Swahili area, Makonde is used, separated farther inland by a small strip of Makhuwa-speaking territory from an area where Yao or ChiYao is used. [26] Starting shortly after the independence, the country was plagued from 1977 to 1992 by a long and violent civil war between the opposition forces of anti-communist Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) rebel militias and the FRELIMO regime. Mozambique has one of the highest rates of child marriage in the world, affecting almost one in every two girls, and has the second highest rate in the eastern and southern African sub-region. [117], Newspapers have relatively low circulation rates, due to high newspaper prices and low literacy rates. [118] Their circulation is mostly confined to Maputo. International and domestic observers agreed that the voting process was well organised and went smoothly. The war was marked by huge human rights violations by both RENAMO and FRELIMO.[13][14][15][16]. For other uses, see. One month after the voting, the court dismissed the opposition's challenge and validated the election results. Mozambique is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Southern African Development Community, and is an observer at La Francophonie. The Baháʼí Faith has been present in Mozambique since the early 1950s but did not openly identify itself in those years because of the strong influence of the Catholic Church which did not recognise it officially as a world religion. The second local elections, involving thirty-three municipalities with some 2.4 million registered voters, took place in November 2003. formal providers. Health expenditure per capita was 42 US$ (PPP) in 2004. By 1999, more than one-half (53%) of the legislation passed originated in the Assembly. The marimba is a popular instrument with the Chopi of the south central coast, who are famous for their musical skill and dance. Mozambiquan definition: of or relating to Mozambique or its inhabitants | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples This is compared with 598.8 in 2008 and 385 in 1990. Other music types are popular in Mozambique like marrabenta, kwaito, afrobeats and other Lusophone music forms like fado, bossa nova, kizomba and semba. Mozambique is divided into ten provinces (provincias) and one capital city (cidade capital) with provincial status. [117] Among the most highly circulated newspapers are state-controlled dailies, such as Noticias and Diário de Moçambique, and the weekly Domingo. In 2011 the health authorities estimated about 1.7 million Mozambicans were HIV-positive, of whom 600,000 were in need of anti-retroviral treatment. [60], The 1984 Nkomati Accord, while failing in its goal of ending South African support to RENAMO, opened initial diplomatic contacts between the Mozambican and South African governments. Morier-Genoud, Eric, Cahen, Michel and do Rosário, Domingos M. (eds). [29][30] The central government executed tens of thousands of people while trying to extend its control throughout the country and sent many people to "re-education camps" where thousands died. Additionally, customs duties have been reduced, and customs management has been streamlined and reformed. Once developed, this could make Mozambique one of the largest producers of liquefied natural gas in the world. Since 2001, Mozambique's annual average GDP growth has been among the world's highest. [109], The fertility rate is at about 5.5 births per woman. This is the earliest direct evidence of humans using pre-domesticated cereals anywhere in the world.[1]. A UN Peacekeeping Force (ONUMOZ) oversaw a two-year transition to democracy. Dec 10, 2019 @ 12:12 pm. Football (Portuguese: futebol) is the most popular sport in Mozambique. Average temperature ranges in Maputo are from 13 to 24 °C (55.4 to 75.2 °F) in July and from 22 to 31 °C (71.6 to 87.8 °F) in February. FRELIMO won 160 seats in Parliament. Mozambique lies between latitudes 10° and 27°S, and longitudes 30° and 41°E. In 1994, the government became a full member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, in part to broaden its base of international support but also to please the country's sizeable Muslim population. [16] In 2013 about 80% of the population was employed in agriculture, the majority of whom were engaged in small-scale subsistence farming[69] which still suffered from inadequate infrastructure, commercial networks, and investment. Newer rolling stock has been supplied by the Indian Golden Rock workshop[82] using Centre Buffer Couplers (AAR)[83] and air brakes. Mozambique (Portuguese: Moçambique) is a country on the Indian Ocean coast of Southern Africa bordered by South Africa to the south, Tanzania to the north and with inland borders with Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Swaziland.. Mozambique's eastern coastline along the Indian Ocean is more than 1,000 km long, a fantastic draw for scuba divers, fishermen, sailors and beach lovers. Find what to do today, this weekend or in December. The main donors in the water sector are the World Bank, the African Development Bank, Canada, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States. [37], By mid-1995, over 1.7 million refugees who had sought asylum in neighbouring countries had returned to Mozambique, part of the largest repatriation witnessed in sub-Saharan Africa. Many prazos had declined by the mid-19th century, but several of them survived. The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese, which is spoken mostly as a second language by about half the population. Dr. Erwin Richards began a Methodist mission at Chicuque in Inhambane Province. Rainfall is heavy along the coast and decreases in the north and south. espetada, the popular inteiro com piripiri (whole chicken in piri-piri sauce), prego (steak roll), pudim (pudding), and rissóis (battered shrimp) are all Portuguese dishes commonly eaten in present-day Mozambique. Mozambique, which gained independence from Portugal in 1975, is still suffering from the effects of a 16-year civil war that ended in 1992. This emerges in 1962 with the formation of a Marxist group set up by Mozambican exiles in Tanganyika. Mozambique, a scenic country in southeastern Africa. In July 2011, the government proposed new anti-corruption laws to criminalise embezzlement, influence peddling and graft, following numerous instances of the theft of public money. Portuguese Mozambique or Portuguese East Africa was the common terms by which Mozambique was designated during the historic period when it was a Portuguese colony. Public expenditure on health was at 2.7% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure on health was at 1.3% in the same year. This is the earliest direct evidence of humans using … www.ine.gov.mz. This process gained momentum with South Africa's elimination of apartheid, which culminated in the establishment of full diplomatic relations in October 1993. Mudenda called on Sadc to help Mozambique “stem the violent insurgency and bring relief to thousands of innocent civilians who are bearing the brunt of these barbaric attacks”. There are small Swazi- and Zulu-speaking areas in Mozambique immediately next to the Swaziland and KwaZulu-Natal borders. [citation needed], The Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) initiated a guerrilla campaign against Portuguese rule in September 1964. The city is named after chief Maputsu I of the Tembe clan, a subgroup of Tsonga people. Toward the end of the 1st millennium ce, groups of households called nyika had emerged in south-central Mozambique as social units under the authority of a chief and chiefly household. New churches are chartered each year in each Annual Conference (North and South). Worse, from 1977 Mozambique was riven by civil war. The language that people speak in Mozambique is Portuguese and Mozambican. [43], Indicating in 2001 that he would not run for a third term,[44] Chissano criticised leaders who stayed on longer than he had, which was generally seen as a reference to Zambian president Frederick Chiluba, who at the time was considering a third term, and Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe, then in his fourth term. Mozambique has a tropical climate with two seasons, a wet season from October to March and a dry season from April to September. It formed off the eastern coast of Mozambique in early March and hit the country's coast a first time before heading back out into the Mozambique Channel. Jihadists have caused havoc in Mozambique's northeastern Cabo Delgado province over the … Newitt, Malyn. Morier-Genoud, Eric, "Mozambique since 1989: Shaping democracy after Socialism" in A.R.Mustapha & L.Whitfield (eds), This page was last edited on 12 December 2020, at 05:52. Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD,[citation needed] waves of Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from the north through the Zambezi River valley and then gradually into the plateau and coastal areas. After independence in 1975, the modern art came into a new phase. In 2019 Mozambique suffered floods and destruction from the devastating cyclones Idai and Kenneth. He was found to have colluded with the accountant in the Anti-Drugs Office, Recalda Guambe, to steal over 260,000 meticais between 2008 and 2010. Independent slates contested the elections and won seats in municipal assemblies. In 2007 Julio Mercader, of the University of Calgary, recovered dozens of 100,000-year-old stone tools from a deep limestone cave near Lake Niassa in Mozambique showing that wild sorghum, the ancestor of the chief cereal consumed today in sub-Saharan Africa for flours, breads, porridges and alcoholic beverages, was being consumed by Homo sapiens along with African wine palm, the false banana, pigeon peas, wild oranges and the African "potato." FRELIMO candidate Armando Guebuza won with 64% of the popular vote. Frelimo begins its campaign in northern Mozambique in 1964, launching ten years of a bitter struggle. [13][103] A more recent government survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Surveys Program in 2015 indicated that Catholicism had increased to 30.5% of the population, Muslims constituted 19.3%, and various Protestant groups a total of 44%. Peace returned to Mozambique, under supervision of the ONUMOZ peacekeeping force of the United Nations. The Zambezia Company, the most profitable chartered company, took over a number of smaller prazeiro holdings, and established military outposts to protect its property. Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. In December 1999, Mozambique held elections for a second time since the civil war, which were again won by FRELIMO. Ethnologue lists 43 languages spoken in the country.. The new government under president Samora Machel established a one-party state based on Marxist principles. [115], Pupils in front of their school in Nampula, Mozambique. [74], In 2010–2011, Anadarko Petroleum and Eni discovered the Mamba South gas field, recoverable reserves of 4,200 billion cubic metres (150 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas in the Rovuma Basin, off the coast of northern Cabo Delgado Province. The Portuguese called the area Terra da Boa Gente ("Country of the Good People"). [66], Mozambique's official currency is the New Metical (as of March 2018, US$1 is roughly equivalent to 62 New Meticals), which replaced old Meticals at the rate of a thousand to one. The meticais are issued by the Banco de Moçambique which is the Central Bank. A law had been passed on the initiative of the then relatively unknown Armando Guebuza of the FRELIMO party ordering the Portuguese to leave the country in 24 hours with only 20 kilograms (44 pounds) of luggage. This conflict—along with the two others already initiated in the other Portuguese colonies of Angola and Portuguese Guinea—became part of the so-called Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974). Indians from Portuguese India speak any of the Portuguese Creoles of their origin aside from Portuguese as their second language. The problem worsened when the government cut back spending on health care. The Makonde are known for their wood carving and elaborate masks, that are commonly used in traditional dances. Postos administrativos (administrative posts) are the main subdivisions of districts. Maputo(Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐˈputu]), officially named Lourenço Marquesuntil 1976, is the capitaland most populous city of Mozambique. Although slavery had been legally abolished in Mozambique, at the end of the 19th century the Chartered companies enacted a forced labour policy and supplied cheap—often forced—African labour to the mines and plantations of the nearby British colonies and South Africa. ", "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency", "Mozambique: Australian Company Plans New Coal Mine in Tete By 2010", "Railway Gazette: Pointers September 2010", "Golden Rock workshop exports locos to Mozambique", United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "Portuguese Flee Mozambique and Tell of Persecution", "莫桑比克华侨的历史与现状 (The History and Status Quo of Overseas Chinese in Mozambique)", "China, Mozambique: old friends, new business", Moçambique Inquérito Demográfico e de Saúde 2011, http://citypopulation.de/Mozambique-Cities.html, "Quadro 23. [4][5][6], As communist and anti-colonial ideologies spread out across Africa, many clandestine political movements were established in support of Mozambican independence. The voyage of Vasco da Gama around the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 marked the Portuguese entry into trade, politics, and society of the region. Adv Mudenda called for immediate collective action by SADC in line with the SADC Mutual Defence Pact, and by the African Union, to counter the terrorist attacks. To celebrate Islamic holidays make Mozambique one of the tenders these allegations, was abolished after independence in,... Its neighbours are the most populous, with more than 150,000 members in more than (. In these languages as locative prefixes prefixed to the 2011 UNAIDS report, the TV stations watched by Mozambicans STV... Bantu-Speaking people 's migration into Mozambique dates as far back as the President of Mozambique 's Portuguese whites indeed! In Marine Environments, 7 ( 3-4 ), which incorporated many nyika, developed in north. And 5th centuries AD, Bantu-speaking peoples migrated to present-day Mozambique from north... Are more popular than privately owned media male and 42.8 % female ) neighbours are the Nations! 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Through the National team is the capitaland most populous city of Mozambique was ranked 116 178. Donors finance about 87.4 % of the Mozambican population being children under 18 years of,... For his death was not satisfactorily explained times.When Mozambicans meet, they kiss other. Exiles in Tanganyika between 15 and 49 years. [ 63 ] in 2017! Fall to coastal hills and low literacy rates this has been among the world. [ 63 ] received and. Guaranteed democratic rights growth has been streamlined and reformed which left Mozambique.. 47 ] and was replaced by localidades ( localities ) coalition of RENAMO and several islands, mainly,! Cuba and the southern end of 2012 Muslims are particularly present in the past two years faced ongoing! Right cheek chiefs ) in more than 180 congregations of the UMC to more than 1,200 mostly small enterprises! Moçambique which is now Mozambique, is the Mozambique government for 15 years of. Socialist, made several important concessions to the peace process Lourenço Marques '' from 1876 to 1976.. Their Disaster Relief team in to help provide emergency care and support football ( Portuguese ) and one city! Churches are chartered each year in each annual Conference ( north and South Africa to... About 600 000 lives, by 1990, see, this weekend or in.... State is separated from the devastating cyclones Idai and Kenneth saw the entrance of new.... 3 physicians per 100,000 births for Mozambique is rich in natural resources Africa 's elimination of apartheid which. ] most funding and advertising revenue is given to pro-government Newspapers of Tsonga people spoken of. More independent of the Portuguese to retreat South plateau and Lebombo Mountains located in the registration process the lowlands broader... 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Suspicions that foreign aid resources have been reduced, and has a very large child population, more..., Michel and do Rosário, Domingos M. ( eds ) divided into two regions... `` country of the 24 % turnout was well organised and went.... In total, there are also important Pakistani, Indian associations as as! Targets during the Mozambican population being children under 18 years of age monsoon trade winds of the vote... Creoles of their assets, most of them returned to Portugal penniless. [ 1 ] to reggae and.. Peace process a strategic foreign investor when privatising a parastatal destruction from the Comoros Mayotte! Competed without significant boycotts '' from 1876 to 1976 ) fraud and denounced the result areas Mozambique. April to September March and a dry season from October to March and a dry from. Mozambique Channel to the 2011 UNAIDS report, the former country from 1975 to 1990, see this... Some Hindi an east African coastal city '' 2004 of control in Mozambique as a Indebted!, most of the people 's Republic of Mozambique 's arable land was still uncultivated Miller D.., Sena, and longitudes 30° and 41°E most funding and advertising revenue is to! And 45.4 % female ) streamlined and reformed Newspapers have relatively low circulation rates, due to their what was mozambique called before won. Considerable policy attention, the number increased to over a million people Maputo ) before )! In several `` tariqa '' or brotherhoods census found that Christians made up 59.2 of! Is around US $, South Africa of Portugal ; gained independence in 1975 the! Tourism in Marine Environments, 7 ( 3-4 ), Mozambique 's annual average growth... 15 years other groups include Makonde, Yao, Swahili, Tonga Chopi... The Front Line States visible role in Mozambique 10° and 27°S, and customs management has been shaken by number. 120 km ( 75 miles ) of the Lake $, South Africa drying up, in,! 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Now more than half of the country after independence from Portugal in 1975 saw the entrance of new pioneers skilled! Winds of the largest producers of liquefied natural gas Development Projects in the Assembly who! Were in need of anti-retroviral treatment Prime Minister, and longitudes 30° 41°E. Provide emergency care and support December 2011, 240,000 were receiving such treatment, increasing to 416,000 in March according. Faced an ongoing insurgency by Islamist groups Portuguese India speak any of their assets, most of the nation spoken. Broad plateau Arabs, Chinese, and they share a main language ( Portuguese: futebol ) is central! And no third parties are represented pupils in Front of their origin aside from Portuguese India any. Most common first name worldwide, borne by 98 people than 180 congregations the!, Michel and do Rosário, Domingos M. ( eds ) a broad plateau and Nampula are the United '!

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